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Biotechnology (Midterms) > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cytoplasm contains DNA, usually in the
form of a single circular molecule located in ___

A

Prokaryotic cell; nucleoid
region

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2
Q

Size of cells:

Prokaryotic:
Eukaryotic:

A

Prokaryotic: 100 nm–10 μm
Eukaryotic: 10–100 μm

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3
Q

Memorize the organelles and their memorable phase: 12

A

Plasma membrane= fortification;
Cytoplasm= environment;
Mitochondria=powerplant;
Ribosome=factories;
Lysosome=stomach;
Endoplasmic Reticulum=pipe system;
Golgi apparatus=delivery center;
Centrosome=anchor;
Peroxisome=firemen;
Cytoskeleton=shapeshifter;
Vacuole=compartment;
Nucleus= brain

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4
Q

Separates the interior
of the cell from the
outside environment.
▪ acts in the transport
of substances
▪ externally proteins facing
act as receptors and cell
recognition.

A

Plasma membrane

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5
Q

Fluid part enclosed by
the membrane, contains
organelles.
Cellular region between
the nuclear and plasma
membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

Produce energy for the cell,
break down carbohydrates
and some Durations lipids to form molecule ATP

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

Translate RNA into proteins
(protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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8
Q

Vesicles filled with digestive
proteins, can absorb
something and break it
down into recyclable pieces

A

Lysosome

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9
Q

lipid synthesis:
protein synthesis:

A

lipid synthesis: smooth ER
protein synthesis: rough ER

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10
Q

It tags vesicles and
proteins to help them get
carried to their correct
destinations

A

Golgi
apparatus

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11
Q

Organizes and produces
the microtubules
of the cell’s cytoskeleton

A

Centrosome

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12
Q

Vesicles that defend (or
neutralize) the cell from
free radicals

A

Peroxisome

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13
Q

modifies the cell’s
shape and ensures
mechanical resistance
to deformation

A

Cytoskeleton

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14
Q

Enclosed storage vessels
which are filled with
water
containing
inorganic and organic
molecules

A

Vacuole

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15
Q

Contains most of the genetic material,
in the form of DNA

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

ORGANELLES THAT UNIQUE FOR PLANT CELLS

A

central vacuole;
chloroplast

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17
Q

Large membrane-enclosed
compartment.
Used to store ions, waste products, pigments, protective compounds

A

central vacuole

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18
Q

Membrane-enclosed organelle containing stacked structures
(___) of chlorophyll-containing membrane sacs called ___surrounded by an inner fluid (___)

A

chloroplast;
grana;
thylakoids;
stroma

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19
Q

Double-membrane structure;
separates nucleoplasm & cytoplasm.
regulates the passage of substances
to and from the nucleus

A

Nuclear
envelope

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20
Q

Dense spherical (non-membrane
bound);composed of ribosomal RNA
and protein

A

Nucleoli

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21
Q

Granular, thread-like material composed of DNA and histone proteins. DNA contains genes

A

chromatin

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22
Q

STROMA=
THYLAKOID=
CYTOPLASM=
mitochondrial matrix=
INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE=

A

STROMA= CALVIN CYCLE
THYLAKOID= PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CYTOPLASM= GLYCOLYSIS
mitochondrial matrix= TCA CYCLE
INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE= ETC

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23
Q

In a DNA molecule,
there is an equal number between the bases (A) (T), and between
the bases (G) (C).

A

Chargaff’s Rule:

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24
Q

: building block of DNA

A

nucleotide

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25
Q

nucleotide components: 3

A

pentose sugar (deoxyribose);
phosphate molecule, and a nitrogenous base (either purines (adenine &
guanine), or pyrimidines (thymine & cytosine

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26
Q

Two strands of nucleotides are joined together by ___
between the bases;

A

hydrogen bonds

27
Q

DNA is a double
stranded helix with a___,” in which the bases are aligned in the center of
the helix

A

sugar
phosphate “backbone

28
Q

: refers to the carbons of the deoxyribose sugar; nucleotides have 5’ and
3’ ends; important during the replication of
DNA and routine manipulation of DNA in the
laboratory

A

polarity

29
Q

the phosphate at carbon 5 is not
bonded to another nucleotide, but carbon 3 is
involved in a phosphodiester bond

A

✓ 5’ end:

30
Q

the phosphate at carbon 5 is bonded
to another nucleotide, but carbon 3 is not
joined to another molecule

A

3’ end:

31
Q

: the polarity of each strand is reversed relative to each other

A

antiparallel

32
Q

is a theory
stating that genetic information flows only in one direction (state this)

A

central dogma of molecular biology;
from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA
directly to protein.

33
Q

three major steps of DNA replication:

A

1.) opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strands
2.) priming of the template strand
3.) assembly of the new DNA segment

34
Q

Different Types of RNA: 3

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)
tRNA (transfer RNA)
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

35
Q

carries the code for the synthesis of proteins;
acts as “messenger

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

36
Q

approx. ____nucleotides; adaptor molecules
that translate genetic information into protein sequence by delivering
amino acids to the protein synthesis machinery during translation

A

tRNA (transfer RNA);
75 to 90

37
Q

short single strand molecules of around ____ nucleotides; part of a ribosome; responsible for reading the order
of amino acids and linking amino acids together

A

rRNA (ribosomal RNA);
1,500 to 4,700

38
Q

refers to any change in the nucleotide sequence as a results of a failure of the system to revert the change

A

mutation

39
Q

Mutations may arise from
(3); may be caused by exposure to ___

A

faulty deletions, insertions, or exchanges of nucleotides in the genetic material.
;mutagens

40
Q

Types of Changes in DNA

A

Germ-line mutations
Somatic mutations

41
Q

is an eye cancer that begind in the retina- the sensitive lining on the inside of your eye

A

Retinoblastoma

42
Q

class of mutation

A

Point mutation;
Chromosomal mutation;
Copy number variation

43
Q

Point mutation (3)

A

Substitution
Insertion
Deletion

44
Q

One base is incorrectly added during replication and replaces the pair in the
corresponding position on
the complementary strand

Disease linked:

A

Substitution;
Sickle-cell anemia

45
Q

One or more extra nucleotides are inserted
into replicating DNA, often resulting in a
frameshift

Disease linked:

A

Insertion;
One form of beta
thalassemia

46
Q

One or more nucleotides is “skipped” during
replication or otherwise excised, often
resulting in a frameshift

Disease linked:

A

Deletion;
Cystic fibrosis

47
Q

One region of a chromosome is
flipped and reinserted

Disease linked:

A

Inversion;
Opitz Kaveggia syndrome

48
Q

Chromosomal mutation

A

Inversion
Deletion
Duplication
Translocation

49
Q

A region of a chromosome is lost, resulting in the absence of all the
genes in that area

Disease linked:

A

Deletion;
Cri du chat syndrome

50
Q

A region of a chromosome is repeated, resulting in an increase in dosage from the genes in that region

Disease linked:

A

Duplication;
some cancers

51
Q

A region from one chromosome is
aberrantly attached to another chromosome

Disease linked:

A

Translocation:
form of leukemia

52
Q

Copy number variation

A

gene amplification
Expanding trinucleotide repeat

53
Q

The number of tandem copies of
a locus is increased

Disease linked:

A

Gene amplification;
some breast cancer

54
Q

The normal number of repeated
trinucleotide sequences is expanded

Disease linked:

A

Expanding
trinucleotide
repeat;
Fragile X syndrome, Huntington’s disease

55
Q

list of organisms included in the HGP

A

E. coli, baker’s yeast, fruit fly,
nematode and mouse

56
Q

involves exact order of the
bases in DNA — the As, Cs, Gs and Ts that
make upsegments of DNA

A

DNA sequencing

57
Q

particular method for
DNA sequencing used in HGP called

A

Sanger DNA
sequencing,

58
Q

Whose genome was sequenced by the Human Genome
Project?

A

approx. 70%- 1 individual of blended ancestry;
approx 30%- 19 individuals mostly from european ancestry

59
Q

Most of the original human genome sequence came from volunteers living in ____
Researchers at the ____, located in Buffalo.

A

Buffalo, New York.;
Roswell Park Cancer Institute

60
Q

In the United States, the researchers were funded by the ______, which created the ___ in 1988

A

Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health;
Office for Human Genome Research

61
Q

Office for Human Genome Research in 1988 was later renamed
the ___ in 1990 and then the _____ in 1997

A

National Center for Human Genome Research;
National Human Genome
Research Institute

62
Q

6 countries involved in HGP which later become known as ___

A

United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan and China;

International Human Genome Sequencing
Consortium

63
Q

State the progress of HGP:

In June 2000=
April 2003=
March 2022=

A

June 2000= draft at 90%; 150k gaps
April 2003= draft at 92%; <400 gaps
March 2022= 1st truly complete (Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) consortium)

64
Q

SCIENTIFIC GOALS OF THE U.S. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT (7)

A

1.) Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome
2.) Model organisms
3.) Informatics: Data collection and analysis
4.) Ethical, Legal, and Social Considerations
5.) Research training
6.) Technology Development
7.) Technology Transfer

Biotechnology (Midterms) (3 decks)

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