Chapter 4 Flashcards
Spell out these abbreviations:
ECF | ICF | ATP | ADP | DNA | RNA
- Extracellular Fluid
- Intracellular Fluid
- Adenosine Triphosphate
- Adenosine Diphosphate
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- Ribonucleic Acid
What are the three types of RNA?
- messenger RNA (mRNA)
– ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
– transfer RNA (tRNA)
What is Transcription? How does it occur?
Transcription – copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA
- DNA too large to leave nucleus and participate directly in cytoplasmic
protein synthesis
– necessary to make a small mRNA copy that can migrate through a nuclear pore into the cytoplasm
• RNA Polymerase – enzyme that binds to the DNA and assembles the mRNA
What is Translation?
translation – the process that converts the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids
• ribosomes - translate sequence of nucleotides into the sequence of amino acids
– occur mainly in cytosol, on surface of rough ER, and nuclear envelope
– the ribosome consists of two granular subunits, large and small
• each ribosome is made of several rRNA and enzyme molecules
Give the entire summary of protein synthesis:
process of protein synthesis
– DNA -> mRNA -> protein
• transcription – step from DNA to mRNA – occurs in the nucleus where DNA is located
• translation – step from mRNA to protein – most occurs in cytoplasm
– 15-20% of proteins are synthesized in the nucleus
What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
PMAT (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
What is Modern Cell Theory?
- All organisms composed of cells and cell products.
- Cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life.
– cells are alive - An organism’s structure and functions are due to the activities
of its cells. - Cells come only from preexisting cells, not from nonliving matter.
– therefore, all life traces its ancestry to the same original cells - Cells of all species have many fundamental similarities in their
chemical composition and metabolic mechanisms.
What did Louis Pasteur establish?
Louis Pasteur established beyond any reasonable
doubt that ‘cells arise only from other cells’
What are the two types of tumors? Characteristics?
• benign tumor
– slow growth
– contained in fibrous capsule
– will not metastasize
– usually easy to treat
• malignant tumor – called cancer
– fast growing
– metastasize – give off cells that seed the growth of multiple tumors elsewhere
What is tumor angiogenesis?
tumor angiogenesis – ingrowth of blood vessels stimulated by energy-hungry tumors
What is a carcinoma (cancer)?
carcinomas – originate in epithelial tissue
What is a lymphoma (cancer)?
lymphomas – originate in lymph nodes
What is a melanoma (cancer)?
melanomas – originate in pigment cells of epidermis (melanocytes)
What is a leukemia (cancer)?
leukemias – in blood forming tissues
What is a sarcoma (cancer)?
sarcomas – in bone, other connective tissue, or muscle
What is a carcinogen?
carcinogen – environmental cancer-causing agents
Compare haploid vs diploid cells
- diploid – any cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes (somatic cells)
- haploid – contain half as many chromosomes as somatic cells – sperm
and egg cells (germ cells)
• fertilization restores diploid number to the fertilized egg and the somatic
cells arise from it.
Each DNA nucleotide is made up of:
Each nucleotide consists of
– one sugar - deoxyribose
– one phosphate group
– one nitrogenous base [Either pyrimidine (single carbon-nitrogen
ring) or purine (double ring)]
RNA is:
one nucleotide chain (not a double helix as DNA)
• ribose replaces deoxyribose as the sugar
• uracil replaces thymine as a nitrogenous base
• Essential function
– interprets code in DNA
– uses those instructions for protein synthesis
– leaves nucleus and functions in cytoplasm
Nitrogenous bases are United by:
Hydrogen bonds
Explain the Law of Complementary Base Pairing:
– a purine on one backbone with a
pyrimidine on the other
– A – T two hydrogen bonds
– C – G three hydrogen bonds
• DNA base pairing
– A – T
– C – G
• Law of Complementary Base
Pairing
– one strand determines base
sequence of other
What are the two types of nitrogenous bases in DNA, how do they line up?
Purines - double ring (Pure As Gold, we want double the gold)
– Adenine (A)
– Guanine (G)
• Pyrimidines - single
ring (CUT Pie, only one pie so you don’t get fat)
– Cytosine (C)
– Thymine (T)
• DNA bases -
A – T two hydrogen bonds
C – G three hydrogen bonds
a purine on one backbone with a
pyrimidine on the other
