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A&P 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How many types of cells are there in the human body?

A

About 200 types of cells

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2
Q

What type of cell is thin and flat with the nucleus creating bulge?

A

Squamous

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3
Q

What type of cell is irregularly angular shaped with 4 or more sides?

A

Polygonal

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4
Q

What type of cell is starlike shape?

A

Stellate

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5
Q

What type of cell is squarish and about as tall as they are wide?

A

Cuboidal

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6
Q

What type of cell is taller than wide?

A

Columnar

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7
Q

What type of cell is round to oval shaped?

A

Spheroid to Ovoid

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8
Q

What type of cell is disc-shaped?

A

Discoid

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9
Q

What type of cell is thick in middle, tapered toward the ends?

A

Fusiform

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10
Q

What type of cell is threadlike shaped?

A

Fibrous

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11
Q

What part of the phospholipids in the plasma membrane are hydrophilic, hydrophobic? How do the phospholipids behave in the plasma membrane? Why is this behavior important?

A

Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails

  • drift laterally from place to place
    – movement keeps membrane fluid
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12
Q

What percent of membrane lipids are phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids? What percent of the plasma membrane is lipids? What is the rest made of?

A

Phospholipids - 75%
Cholesterol - 20%
Glycolipids - 5%

Total Lipids - 98% (Protein is 2%, but accounts for 50% of the weight)

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13
Q

What happens when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

A hypotonic has a lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than intracellular fluid (ICF)

Hypotonic solution has a high water concentration

cells absorb water, swell and may burst (lyse)

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14
Q

What happens when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A
  • the ECF (extracellular fluid) has a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes (i.e., low water concentration) than the ICF (intracellular fluid).
  • cells lose water + shrivel (crenate)
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15
Q

What is the purpose of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

A

holds phospholipids still and can stiffen membrane

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16
Q

What are glycolipids and what is the purpose of glycolipids in the plasma membrane?

A
  • phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on extracellular face
    – contributes to glycocalyx – carbohydrate coating on the
    cells surface, fuzzy coating
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17
Q

What is Glycocalyx? What is its functions?

A

Unique fuzzy coat external to the plasma membrane
– carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids
– unique in everyone, but identical twins
• Functions (see Table 3.2)
– protection - cell adhesion
– immunity to infection - fertilization
– defense against cancer - embryonic development
– transplant compatibility

In chemistry, a moiety refers to a distinct portion or part of a molecule.

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18
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Prevents escape of cell contents; regulates exchange of materials between cytoplasm and extracellular fluid; involved in intercellular communication

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19
Q

What is the function of the Microvilli?

A

Increase absorptive surface area; widespread sensory roles
(hearing, equilibrium, taste)

20
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins? Locations? Characteristics?

A

Transmembrane proteins
– pass through membrane
– have hydrophilic regions in contact with cytoplasm and extracellular
fluid
– have hydrophobic regions that pass back and forth through the lipid of
the membrane
– most are glycoproteins
– can drift about freely in phospholipid film
– some anchored to cytoskeleton

• Peripheral proteins
– adhere to one face of the membrane
– usually tethered to the cytoskeleton

21
Q

What are the six membrane protein functions?

A

receptors, second-messenger systems,
enzymes, ion channels, carriers, cell-identity markers, cell-adhesion molecules

(a) Receptor
A receptor that
binds to chemical
messengers such
as hormones sent
by other cells

(b) Enzyme
An enzyme that
breaks down
a chemical
messenger and
terminates its
effect

(c) Ion Channel
A channel protein
that is constantly
open and allows
ions to pass
into and out of
the cell

(d) Gated ion channel
A gated channel
that opens and
closes to allow
ions through
only at certain
times

(e) Cell-identity marker
A glycoprotein
acting as a cell-
identity marker
distinguishing the
body’s own cells
from foreign cells

(f) Cell-adhesion
molecule (CAM)
A cell-adhesion
molecule (CAM)
that binds one
cell to another

22
Q

Tell me what you know of mitochondrial DNA?

A

mitochondrial ribosomes more like bacterial ribosomes
– has its own mtDNA

• small circular molecule resembling bacterial DNA
• replicates independently of nuclear DNA
– when a sperm fertilizes the egg, any mitochondria introduced by the
sperm are usually destroyed, and only those provided by the egg are
passed on to the developing embryo

• mitochondrial DNA is almost exclusively inherited through the mother
– mutates more readily than nuclear DNA
• no mechanism for DNA repair
• produces rare hereditary diseases
• mitochondrial myopathy , mitochondrial encephalomyopathy,
and others

23
Q

How does the Sodium-Potassium pump work?

A

SOPIA-3,2,1
3 Sodium Out
2 Potassium In
1 ATP
Active Transport

keeps the K+ concentration higher in the ICF and the Na+ concentration higher in the ECF
• necessary because Na+ and K+
constantly leak through membrane
– half of daily calories utilized for
Na+ - K+ pump

24
Q

What factors affect diffusion rates through a membrane?

A

– temperature - higher temp., higher motion of particles

– molecular weight - larger molecules move slower

– steepness of concentrated gradient - greater difference, greater rate

– membrane surface area - higher area, higher rate

– membrane permeability - high permeability, high rate

25
Q

What are the types of membrane transport? Categories in each?

A

passive transport mechanisms requires no ATP
– random molecular motion of particles provides the necessary
energy
– filtration, diffusion, osmosis

• active transport mechanisms consumes ATP
– active transport and vesicular transport

• carrier-mediated mechanisms use a membrane protein to
transport substances from one side of the membrane to the
other
- facilitated diffusion (passive)
- active transport (active)

26
Q

What is Filtration? Examples

A

Filtration - process in which
particles are driven through
a selectively permeable
membrane by hydrostatic
pressure (force exerted
on a membrane by water)

No ATP needed! passive

• Examples
– filtration of nutrients through gaps in
blood capillary walls into tissue
fluids
– filtration of wastes from the blood in
the kidneys while holding back
blood cells and proteins

27
Q

What is Simple Diffusion?

A

Simple Diffusion – the net
movement of particles from
area of high concentration
to area of low
concentration
– due to their constant,
spontaneous motion
• Also known as movement
down the concentration
gradient – concentration of a
substance differs from one
point to another

No ATP, passive

28
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Osmosis - flow of water from
one side of a selectively
permeable membrane to the
other
– from side with higher water
concentration to the side with
lower water concentration
– reversible attraction of water to
solute particles forms hydration
spheres
– makes those water molecules less
available to diffuse back to the
side from which they came
• Aquaporins - channel
proteins specialized for
passage of water

No ATP, passive

29
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Osmosis - flow of water from
one side of a selectively
permeable membrane to the
other
– from side with higher water
concentration to the side with
lower water concentration
– reversible attraction of water to
solute particles forms hydration
spheres
– makes those water molecules less
available to diffuse back to the
side from which they came
• Aquaporins - channel
proteins specialized for
passage of water

No ATP, passive

30
Q

What happens when a cell is placed in an isotonic solution?

A

Isotonic solution
- concentrations in cell and ICF are the same
- cause no changes in cell volume or cell shape
- normal saline

31
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

• facilitated diffusion - carrier-mediated transport of
solute through a membrane down its concentration
gradient
• does not consume ATP
• solute attaches to binding site on carrier, carrier
changes confirmation, then releases solute on other
side of membrane

32
Q

What is active transport? Examples of uses?

A

• active transport – carrier-mediated transport of
solute through a membrane up (against) its
concentration gradient
• ATP energy consumed to change carrier
• Examples of uses:
– sodium-potassium pump keeps K+ concentration
higher inside the cell
– bring amino acids into cell
– pump Ca2+ out of cell

33
Q

What is vesicular transport? Name the types of vesicular transport,
describe them, and give examples

A

• Vesicular Transport – processes that move large particles, fluid
droplets, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in
vesicles – bubblelike enclosures of membrane
– motor proteins consumes ATP

• Endocytosis – vesicular processes that bring material into the cell
– phagocytosis – “cell eating” - engulfing large particles (pseudopods phagosomes macrophages)
– pinocytosis – “cell drinking” taking in droplets of ECF containing
molecules useful in the cell (pinocytic vesicle)
– receptor-mediated endocytosis – particles bind to specific receptors
on plasma membrane (clathrin-coated vesicle)

• Exocytosis – discharging material from the cell (Utilizes motor proteins energized by ATP)

34
Q

What is the function of Cilia?

A

Move substances along cell surface; widespread sensory
roles (hearing, equilibrium, smell, vision)

35
Q

What is the function of Flagellum?

A

Sperm Motility

36
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Genetic control center of cell; directs protein synthesis; shelters the DNA

37
Q

What is the function of Rough ER?

A

Protein synthesis and manufacture of cellular membranes

38
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

Lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage

39
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes?

A

Make proteins, Interpret the genetic code and synthesize polypeptides

40
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Complex?

A

Receives and modifies newly synthesized polypeptides synthesizes carbohydrates, adds carbohydrates to glycoproteins: packages cell products into Golgi vesicles

41
Q

What is the function of the golgi vesicles?

A

Become secretory vesicles and carry cell products to apical
surface for exocytosis, or become lysosomes, delivery, amazon trucks

42
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Waste disposal organelle

43
Q

What is the function of the peroxisomes?

A

Waste disposal organelle

44
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Power House of the cell, synthesize APT

45
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

Form mitotic spindle during cell division; unpaired centrioles form basal bodies of cilia and flagella

46
Q

What is the function of the centrosome?

A

Organizing center for formation of microtubules of cytoskeleton and mitotic spindle

A&P 1 (6 decks)

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