Chapter 2 Flashcards
What are the types of chemical bonds?
There are four types of chemical
bonds: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, Van der Waals force, hydrogen bonds
What gives water a set of properties that account for its ability to support life?
Water’s polar covalent bond and its V-shaped molecule
What set of properties does water have that account for its ability to support life?
solvency
cohesion
adhesion
chemical reactivity
thermal stability
The most common colloids in the body are…
mixtures of protein and water
What state of matter are colloids in the body?
Many can change from liquid to gel state within and between cells
Colloids defined by the following physical properties:
- particles range from 1 – 100 nm in size
- particles too large to pass through semipermeable membrane
- scatter light and are usually cloudy
- particles remain permanently mixed with the solvent when mixture stands
What does ATP stand for (write it out)? What is it composed of?
Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenine, Ribose, and 3 phosphate groups
What is energy?
Energy - capacity to do work
– to do work means to move something
– all body activities are a form of work
What is potential energy? Give Examples
Potential energy- energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state
– not doing work at the time
– water behind a dam
– chemical energy - potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules
– free energy – potential energy available in a system to do useful work
What is kinetic energy?
Kinetic energy - energy of motion; energy that is actively doing work
– moving water flowing through a dam
– heat - kinetic energy of molecular motion
– electromagnetic energy – the kinetic energy of moving ‘packets’ of
radiation called photons
What is Homeostasis?
Homeostasis – the body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
What are the classes of chemical reactions? What is a chemical reaction, how is it symbolized?
Don’t Scream Emma
decomposition reactions
synthesis reactions
exchange reactions
chemical reaction – a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken
• chemical equation –symbolizes the
course of a chemical reaction
– reactants (on left) products (on right)
What is a disaccharide? Tell me the three most important and what monosaccharides they are made of:
Sugar molecule composed of 2
monosaccharides
• 3 important disaccharides
– sucrose - table sugar
• glucose + fructose
– lactose - sugar in milk
• glucose + galactose
– maltose - grain products
• glucose + glucose
What is the general formula for carbohydrates? Glucose?
general formula
– (CH2O)n
n = number of carbon atoms
– for glucose, n = 6, so formula is C6H12O6
– 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
These three • 3 important monosaccharides
– glucose, galactose and fructose
Have same molecular formula - C6H12O6
What are they called?
Isomers
What is metabolism? What are the two types? Characteristics?
Metabolism
• All the chemical reactions of the body
• Catabolism
– energy releasing (exergonic)
decomposition reactions
• breaks covalent bonds
• produces smaller molecules
• releases useful energy
• Anabolism
– energy storing (endergonic) synthesis reactions
• requires energy input
• production of protein or fat
• driven by energy that catabolism releases
• Catabolism and Anabolism are inseparably linked
What are the 4 categories of carbon compounds?
Organic Chemistry
• Study of compounds containing carbon
• 4 categories of carbon compounds
– carbohydrates
– lipids
– proteins
– nucleotides and nucleic acids
What is hydrolysis?
Splitting a polymer (lysis) by the addition of a water molecule (hydro)
– a covalent bond is broken
• All digestion reactions consists of hydrolysis reactions
What is dehydration synthesis?
Monomers covalently bond together to form a polymer with the removal of a water molecule
– A hydroxyl group is removed from one monomer and a
hydrogen from the next
‘good’ and ‘bad’ cholesterol actually refers to
droplets of
lipoprotein in the blood, which are complexes of cholesterol, fat, phospholipid, and protein
What is good cholesterol and bad cholesterol called?
HDL – high-density lipoprotein – “good” cholesterol
– lower ratio of lipid to protein
– may help to prevent cardiovascular disease
• LDL – low-density lipoprotein – “bad” cholesterol
– high ratio of lipid to protein
– contributes to cardiovascular disease
What are three components of a nucleotide? What is the best known nucleotide?
– nitrogenous base (single or double carbon-
nitrogen ring)
– sugar (monosaccharide)
– one or more phosphate groups
ATP – best know nucleotide
– adenine (nitrogenous base)
– ribose (sugar)
– phosphate groups (3)
What are electrolytes?
Minerals
• Inorganic elements extracted from soil by
plants and passed up the food chain to
humans
– Ca, P, Cl, Mg, K, Na, I, Fe, Zn, Cu, and S
• constitute about 4% of body weight
– structure (teeth, bones, etc)
– enzymes
• Electrolytes – needed for nerve and
muscle function are mineral salts
State what is a Cation vs Anion
Anion
– atom that gained electrons (net negative charge)
• Cation
– atom that lost an electron (net positive charge)
Ionic Bonds
• The attraction of a cation to an anion
• electron donated by one and received by the
other
• Relatively weak attraction that is easily
disrupted in water, as when salt dissolves
What is an element? How many have a biological role? What are the important one 6 and what percent of the body do they make up?
Element - simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties
24 elements have biological role
• 6 elements = 98.5% of body weight
– oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus (P CHONC)
What is the function of bile acids?
Lipid: Steroids that aid in fat digestion and nutrient absorption
What is the function of cholesterol?
Lipid: Component of cell membranes; precursor of other steroids
What is the function of Eicosanoids?
Lipid: Chemical messengers between cells
What is the function of fat soluble vitamins?
Lipids: Vitamins DAKE: Involved in a variety of functions including blood clotting, wound healing, vision, and calcium absorption
What is the function of fatty acids?
Lipid: Precursor of triglycerides; source of
energy
What is the function of Phospholipids?
Lipid: Major component of cell members; aid in fat digestion
What is the function of steroid hormones?
Lipid: Chemical messengers between cells
What is the function of triglycerides?
Lipid: Energy storage: thermal insulation; filling space; binding organs together; cushioning organs
What are the function of proteins?
RSC MCMC
• Structure
- keratin - tough structural protein (gives strength to hair, nails, and skin surface)
- collagen - durable protein contained in deeper layers of skin, bones, cartilage, and teeth
• Communication
- some hormones and other cell-to-cell signals
- receptors to which signal molecules bind (ligand - any hormone or molecule that reversibly binds to a protein)
• Membrane Transport
- channels in cell membranes that governs what passes through carrier proteins - transports solute particles to other side of membrane
- turn nerve and muscle activity on and off
• Catalysis
- enzymes
• Recognition and Protection
- immune recognition
- antibodies
- clotting proteins
• Movement
- motor proteins - molecules with the ability to change shape repeatedly
• Cell adhesion
- proteins bind cells together
- immune cells to bind to cancer cells
- keeps tissues from falling apart
