Chapter 2

Question 1

What are the types of chemical bonds?

Answer 1

There are four types of chemical
bonds: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, Van der Waals force, hydrogen bonds

Question 2

What gives water a set of properties that account for its ability to support life?

Answer 2

Water’s polar covalent bond and its V-shaped molecule

Question 3

What set of properties does water have that account for its ability to support life?

Answer 3

solvency
cohesion
adhesion
chemical reactivity
thermal stability

Question 4

The most common colloids in the body are…

Answer 4

mixtures of protein and water

Question 5

What state of matter are colloids in the body?

Answer 5

Many can change from liquid to gel state within and between cells

Question 6

Colloids defined by the following physical properties:

Answer 6

• particles range from 1 – 100 nm in size
• particles too large to pass through semipermeable membrane
• scatter light and are usually cloudy
• particles remain permanently mixed with the solvent when mixture stands

Question 7

What does ATP stand for (write it out)? What is it composed of?

Answer 7

Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenine, Ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

Question 8

What is energy?

Answer 8

Energy - capacity to do work
– to do work means to move something
– all body activities are a form of work

Question 9

What is potential energy? Give Examples

Answer 9

Potential energy- energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state
– not doing work at the time
– water behind a dam
– chemical energy - potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules
– free energy – potential energy available in a system to do useful work

Question 10

What is kinetic energy?

Answer 10

Kinetic energy - energy of motion; energy that is actively doing work
– moving water flowing through a dam
– heat - kinetic energy of molecular motion
– electromagnetic energy – the kinetic energy of moving ‘packets’ of
radiation called photons

Question 11

What is Homeostasis?

Answer 11

Homeostasis – the body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.

Question 12

What are the classes of chemical reactions? What is a chemical reaction, how is it symbolized?

Answer 12

Don’t Scream Emma

decomposition reactions
synthesis reactions
exchange reactions

chemical reaction – a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken
• chemical equation –symbolizes the
course of a chemical reaction
– reactants (on left) products (on right)

Question 13

What is a disaccharide? Tell me the three most important and what monosaccharides they are made of:

Answer 13

Sugar molecule composed of 2
monosaccharides
• 3 important disaccharides

– sucrose - table sugar
• glucose + fructose

– lactose - sugar in milk
• glucose + galactose

– maltose - grain products
• glucose + glucose

Question 14

What is the general formula for carbohydrates? Glucose?

Answer 14

general formula
– (CH2O)n
n = number of carbon atoms
– for glucose, n = 6, so formula is C6H12O6
– 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

Question 15

These three • 3 important monosaccharides
– glucose, galactose and fructose
Have same molecular formula - C6H12O6
What are they called?

Answer 15

Isomers

Question 16

What is metabolism? What are the two types? Characteristics?

Answer 16

Metabolism
• All the chemical reactions of the body

• Catabolism
– energy releasing (exergonic)
decomposition reactions
• breaks covalent bonds
• produces smaller molecules
• releases useful energy

• Anabolism
– energy storing (endergonic) synthesis reactions
• requires energy input
• production of protein or fat
• driven by energy that catabolism releases
• Catabolism and Anabolism are inseparably linked

Question 17

What are the 4 categories of carbon compounds?

Answer 17

Organic Chemistry
• Study of compounds containing carbon
• 4 categories of carbon compounds
– carbohydrates
– lipids
– proteins
– nucleotides and nucleic acids

Question 18

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 18

Splitting a polymer (lysis) by the addition of a water molecule (hydro)
– a covalent bond is broken
• All digestion reactions consists of hydrolysis reactions

Question 19

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 19

Monomers covalently bond together to form a polymer with the removal of a water molecule
– A hydroxyl group is removed from one monomer and a
hydrogen from the next

Question 20

‘good’ and ‘bad’ cholesterol actually refers to

Answer 20

droplets of
lipoprotein in the blood, which are complexes of cholesterol, fat, phospholipid, and protein

Question 21

What is good cholesterol and bad cholesterol called?

Answer 21

HDL – high-density lipoprotein – “good” cholesterol
– lower ratio of lipid to protein
– may help to prevent cardiovascular disease

• LDL – low-density lipoprotein – “bad” cholesterol
– high ratio of lipid to protein
– contributes to cardiovascular disease

Question 22

What are three components of a nucleotide? What is the best known nucleotide?

Answer 22

– nitrogenous base (single or double carbon-
nitrogen ring)
– sugar (monosaccharide)
– one or more phosphate groups

ATP – best know nucleotide
– adenine (nitrogenous base)
– ribose (sugar)
– phosphate groups (3)

Question 23

What are electrolytes?

Answer 23

Minerals
• Inorganic elements extracted from soil by
plants and passed up the food chain to
humans
– Ca, P, Cl, Mg, K, Na, I, Fe, Zn, Cu, and S
• constitute about 4% of body weight
– structure (teeth, bones, etc)
– enzymes
• Electrolytes – needed for nerve and
muscle function are mineral salts

Question 24

State what is a Cation vs Anion

Answer 24

Anion
– atom that gained electrons (net negative charge)
• Cation
– atom that lost an electron (net positive charge)

Ionic Bonds
• The attraction of a cation to an anion
• electron donated by one and received by the
other
• Relatively weak attraction that is easily
disrupted in water, as when salt dissolves

Question 25

What is an element? How many have a biological role? What are the important one 6 and what percent of the body do they make up?

Answer 25

Element - simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

24 elements have biological role
• 6 elements = 98.5% of body weight
– oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus (P CHONC)

Question 26

What is the function of bile acids?

Answer 26

Lipid: Steroids that aid in fat digestion and nutrient absorption

Question 27

What is the function of cholesterol?

Answer 27

Lipid: Component of cell membranes; precursor of other steroids

Question 28

What is the function of Eicosanoids?

Answer 28

Lipid: Chemical messengers between cells

Question 29

What is the function of fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 29

Lipids: Vitamins DAKE: Involved in a variety of functions including blood clotting, wound healing, vision, and calcium absorption

Question 30

What is the function of fatty acids?

Answer 30

Lipid: Precursor of triglycerides; source of
energy

Question 31

What is the function of Phospholipids?

Answer 31

Lipid: Major component of cell members; aid in fat digestion

Question 32

What is the function of steroid hormones?

Answer 32

Lipid: Chemical messengers between cells

Question 33

What is the function of triglycerides?

Answer 33

Lipid: Energy storage: thermal insulation; filling space; binding organs together; cushioning organs

Question 34

What are the function of proteins?

Answer 34

RSC MCMC

• Structure
- keratin - tough structural protein (gives strength to hair, nails, and skin surface)
- collagen - durable protein contained in deeper layers of skin, bones, cartilage, and teeth

• Communication
- some hormones and other cell-to-cell signals
- receptors to which signal molecules bind (ligand - any hormone or molecule that reversibly binds to a protein)

• Membrane Transport
- channels in cell membranes that governs what passes through carrier proteins - transports solute particles to other side of membrane
- turn nerve and muscle activity on and off

• Catalysis
- enzymes

• Recognition and Protection
- immune recognition
- antibodies
- clotting proteins

• Movement
- motor proteins - molecules with the ability to change shape repeatedly

• Cell adhesion
- proteins bind cells together
- immune cells to bind to cancer cells
- keeps tissues from falling apart