Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the order providers follow when examining structures of the Human Body?
IPAP
- Inspection
- Palpation
- Auscultation
- Percussion
Providers follow this order when examining the structures of the human body: Inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion.
What is inspection?
This is the initial step, where the provider visually examines the patient’s body, looking for any abnormalities such as changes in skin color, swelling, deformities, or abnormal movements.
Providers follow this order when examining the structures of the human body: Inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion.
What is palpation?
This involves using the hands to feel (or palpate) the body. Providers assess the size, shape, tenderness, texture, and temperature of various structures, such as organs, joints, or muscles. It helps identify areas of pain or swelling.
Providers follow this order when examining the structures of the human body: Inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion.
What is auscultation?
This is the process of listening to the sounds (auscultation - audio) produced by the body, typically using a stethoscope. Common sounds examined include heartbeats, lung sounds, and bowel sounds, which can provide valuable information about the function of organs.
Providers follow this order when examining the structures of the human body: Inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion.
What is percussion?
This involves tapping on the body’s surface with fingers or hands to produce sounds. The sounds can help determine the underlying structure’s density. For example, a dull sound may indicate fluid buildup in a body cavity, while a hollow sound might suggest air-filled spaces like the lungs.
What is gross anatomy?
study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
Who concluded that “all organisms were composed of cells” which led to the most important breakthrough in biomedical history that “all functions of the body are interpreted as effects of cellular activity”?
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
What contributions did Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann make?
– with improved microscopes, examination of a wide variety of
specimens followed
– concluded that “all organisms were composed of cells”
– first tenet of Cell Theory
• considered as the most important breakthrough in biomedical history
• all functions of the body are interpreted as effects of cellular activity
Cell Theory states that:
All structure and function result from the activity of cells
What are the 8 characteristics of life?
• Cellular composition
• Homeostasis
• Organization
• Development (differentiation and growth)
• Evolution (mutations)
• Reproduction
• Responsiveness and movement (stimuli)
• Metabolism (anabolism, catabolism and excretion)
(CHODERRM)
What did Physicians in Mesopotamia do 3000 years ago?
used herbal drugs, salts and
physical therapy
What did Hippocrates do?
- Greek physician
– “father of medicine”
– established a code of ethics (Hippocratic Oath)
– urged physicians to seek natural causes of disease rather than attributing them to acts of the gods and
demons
What did Aristotle do?
one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology
– believed that diseases had either supernatural
causes or physical causes
• called supernatural causes of disease theologi
• called natural causes for disease physiologi
• this gave rise to the terms: physician and physiology
– believed that complex structures are built from
simpler parts (reductionism)
Who was Claudius Galen? What did he do?
- physician to the Roman gladiators
– did animal dissections since use of cadavers banned in his time
– saw science as a method of discovery not just a body of facts taken on faith
– wrote book advising followers to trust their own observation more than the teaching of dogma of the “ancient masters”
Who was Andreas Vesalius and what did he do?
- taught anatomy in Italy
– Catholic Church relaxed restrictions on dissection of cadavers and
permitting autopsies
– barbering and surgery were considered ‘kindred arts of the knife’
– performed his own dissections rather than the barber-surgeons
– published first atlas of anatomy, Di Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the
Structure of the Human Body) in 1543
What did William Harvey do?
- early physiologist…contributions represent the birth of experimental
physiology
– remembered for early studies on blood circulation
– realized blood flows out from heart and back to it again
– published book De Motu Cordis (On the Motion of the Heart) in 1628
Who was Marcus Servetus?
along with William Harvey, were the first Western scientists to realize that blood must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to other organs, and back to the heart again
What did Robert Hooke do?
– made many improvements to the compound microscope -2 lenses-
ocular lens (eyepiece) and objective lens (near specimen)
• invented specimen stage, illuminator, coarse and fine focus controls
• his microscopes magnified only 30X
• first to see and named cells
– published first comprehensive book of microscopy (Micrographia) in
1665
What did Antony van Leeuwenhoek do?
- invented a simple (single-lens) microscope with great magnification to
look at fabrics (200X)
– published his observations of blood, lake water, sperm, bacteria from
tooth scrapings and many other things
What did Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe do?
- greatly improved compound microscopes
– added condenser and superior optics
• eliminated blurry edges (spherical aberration) and rainbow-like distortions (chromatic aberration)
The first cells seen were:
plant cell walls in a section of dried cork.
What did Charles Darwin do?
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) – ‘book that shook the world’
– The Descent of Man (1871) – human evolution
• Theory of natural selection
– how species originate and change through time
– changed view of “our origin, our nature and our
place in the universe”
– increases understanding of human form and
function
Who is our closest animal relative? By What percentage?
Closest relative - chimpanzee
– difference of only 1.6% in DNA structure
– chimpanzees and gorillas differ by 2.3%
What are vestigial organs? Give examples
remnants of organs that
apparently were better developed and more functional in the ancestors of a species, and now serve little or no purpose
– piloerector muscle
– auricularis muscles
What is a negative feedback loop? Give an example
Body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it - dynamic equilibrium (ex. Blood temperature vasodilation/vasoconstriction | Control of Blood Pressure: person rises from the bed, blood drains from the upper body causing Homeostatic imbalance, baroreceptors above the heart respond to drip in blood pressure, Baroreceptors send signals to cardiac center of brainstem, Cardiac center accelerates heartbeat, Blood pressure rises to normal; homeostasis is restored.)
What is a positive feedback loop? Give an example.
Self-amplifying cycle
– leads to greater change in the same direction
– feedback loop is repeated – change produces more change
• Normal way of producing rapid changes
– occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, fever, and
generation of nerve signals
- Head of fetus
pushes against cervix
- Nerve impulses from cervix Transmitted to brain
- Brain simulates
pituitary gland to
secrete oxytocin
- Oxytocin stimulates uterine
contractions and pushes
fetus toward cervix
What is the plural of -a?
-ae (axilla to axillae)
What is the plural of -ax?
-aces (thorax to thoraces)
What is the plural of -en?
-ina (lumen to lumina)
Give an example of a harmful positive feedback loop
• Fever > 104 degrees F
– metabolic rate increases
– body produces heat even faster
– body temperature continues to rise
– further increasing metabolic rate
• Cycle continues to reinforce itself
• Becomes fatal at 113 degrees F
What is the plural of -ex?
-ices (cortex to cortices)
What is the plural of -is?
-es (diagnosis to diagnoses)
Or
-ides (epididymis to epididymides)
What is the plural of -ix?
-ices (appendix to appendices)
What is the plural of -ma?
-mata (carcinoma to carcinomata)
What is the plural of -on?
-ia (ganglion to ganglia)
What is the hierarchy of complexity from least complex to most?
Atoms - Molecules - Macromolecules- Organelles - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ systems - Organisms
What did Claude Bernard do?
- constant internal conditions regardless of external conditions
- internal body temperature ranges from 97 to 99 degrees despite variations in external temperature
What did Walter Cannon do?
- coined the term ‘Homeostasis’
- state of the body fluctuates (dynamic equilibrium) within limited range around a set point
- Negative feedback keeps variable close to the set point
- Loss of homeostatic control causes illness or death
What is an MRI?
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- slice type image
- superior quality to CT scan
- best for soft tissue
- mechanics: alignment & realignment of hydrogen atoms with magnetic field & radio waves. Varying levels of energy given off used by computer to produce an image
What are the 3 components of a feed back loop?
Receptor - senses change in the body
Integrating (Control) Center - control center that processes the sensory information, ‘makes a decision’, and directs the response
Effector – carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis
