chapter 4 Flashcards
decline of primary industry 60s
177m tonnes coal a y
500,000 miners at 483 facilities
coal under threat when railways
it + move to diesal -petrol
decline of primary idustry 70s
2 disputes-strikes
ended on electricity blackouts
factory close + industry on 3 day week
decline of primary idustry 1984/5
1984/5=133 tonnes
180,000 workers at 133
decline of primary idustry 90s
Pit Closure Program
decline of primary idustry 2000
2000=>10mtonnes
Selby Superpit chose
decline of primary idustry 2013
closed last mine in warwickshire
- Why has mining employment in the East Midlands declined?
- Coal extraction in the area became more and more expensive as reserves became depleted.
- Become cheaper to import coal, mainly from Russia. £330 million investment in coal extraction in the UK recently turned down.
- Expensive to make a clean form of energy (carbon capture).
Historically less and less use of coal in the surrounding area (e.g. Industry in Birmingham and Nottingham).
why ahs there been a decline in farming industry east anglia
agribusiness development
loss of subsides
mechanisation
cheap imports
social change
impacts of a decline in farming industry east anglia
full time work has decreased
part time increased
increase in seasonal work under taken by migrants
older workforce
loss or rural culture due to counter urbanisation
why have farms been forced to diversify
as a result of decreased profits from farming theyve been forced to commercialise into other commercail interprises e.g tourism retail vis farmshops and other activities
hows agriculture significant in east anglia economy
3 billion in 2018 and wheat and barly and other classic items
reasons for desindustrialisation in manchester
Cottonopolios I good local climate
proximity to the coast via railways providing exports to empire
mass rural- urban migration during revolution
Flatland build to factories workhouses
impacts of industrialisation in manchester
impacts?
-rapid economic development d
pollution
poverty -
slums
conditions = poor
life expectancy : 29 in 1865
how long did deindustrialisation in manchester take
not long
worst effected areas of deindustrialsiation in manchester and what occured w them
inner city surrounding CBD
lost 52% of habitants and unemployment rose rapdily by 1981= 20%
rundown housing, wasteland, abandoned factories
207,000 manufacturing jobs lost
what developments were made to recover manchester and lead to success now
manchester ringway airport into international hub
myriad of motorway connections
de multiplier effect
de indurstrilisation->
unemployment, lack of locals spending and thurther loss of local business increasing deriliction->
depopulation closure of schools and services= deprivation->
no further investment, culture of worklesness and further decline
hows deprivation measured
proportions of poor quality housing, unskilled workforce, alck of employment opportuntiies, poor quality hosuing, derilict sites and buildings, poor health
poor enviornemntal quality
weak transport infrastrcuture
contaminated land
negatives of deindustrialisation
workers w no skills
social unrest
loss of proud workign class communtiies
reliant on imports
lots of brownfields
unemployment
economci consequences of loss of traditional industry in inner city urban areas
lack of investment
decline in industry and increase in uemployment
decline in trade
decreased wages due to supply and demand of labour changes
social consequences of loss of traditional industry in inner city urban areas
social exlusion
high crime and drug rates
unemployment
decetnralsiation of pop and ‘white flight’
culutre of poverty and decrease in public service and quality
environemntal consequences of loss of traditional industry in inner city urban areas
run down derelict environment
lower pollution levels due to reduction of industry
building collapse and vandilism
cycle of decline
loss of secondary industry in detroit declien factors
- Deindustrialization:
- Automation: Advances in technology reduced the need for human labour in factories.
- White Flight:
- Global Competition:
- Economic Crises:
Bankruptcy:
detroit bankruptcy
In 2013, Detroit filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy, the largest municipal bankruptcy in U.S. history, with debts estimated between $18-20 billion.
economic crisis detroit
The 2007-2008 financial crisis severely impacted the auto industry. Although companies like General Motors and Chrysler received federal bailouts, the overall industry suffered.
white flight detroit
Following the 1967 riots, a significant portion of the white population left Detroit, leading to a decrease in the tax base and investment.
deindustrialisation detroit
Starting in the 1960s, many manufacturing jobs moved to other regions or countries where labour was cheaper. This led to a significant reduction in local employment.
wheres detorit
wayne county USA
impact of detroit decline
The decline in manufacturing had profound effects on Detroit:
* Population Decline: From 1950 to 2010, Detroit’s population decreased by 61.4%, falling to around 700,000.
* Unemployment: Manufacturing employment decreased by 6% between the first and second quarters of 2022.
* Urban Decay: By 2012, a third of Detroit’s land area was vacant, with many abandoned buildings and homes
efforts to incr detorit
Efforts to revitalize Detroit include initiatives like the Greenways Coalition, which aims to improve urban mobility, and collaborations between Ford and Google to develop new technologies.
historicsl context detroit
Detroit’s manufacturing boom began in the early 20th century, driven by the automotive industry. Companies like Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler established massive factories, employing hundreds of thousands of workers. At its peak in the 1950s, Detroit was the fourth largest city in the United States, with a population of 1.85 million.
Government policies to reverse deindustrialisation example
longbridge
retraining impact ongbridge
implementing a policy to retrain a workforce that has seen deindustrialisation in one way in which to get a significant portion of the working population in an area back to work after they loose their jobs in the og region
Can reinvigorate the tax base + minimise cycle of decline in an areas
brimignham 2005 led to how many job loss
6000
unemployment brum rose to
6.2 %
government provided what
invested in major infrastructure
Financial Aid
Retraining program
Job search assistance
REGENRATION
regeneration longbridge wht happened
50 firms employ 400 pt
-2000 seco Irones
Sainsburys Times # retail
Bourneville College
what did governments task force do
: A dedicated MG Rover Taskforce was established to provide immediate support to the affected workers2. This included financial assistance, retraining programs, and help with job searches2.
cost of regeneration longbridge
1 billion
retraining and skills development in longbridge
Various retraining and skills development programs were offered to help workers transition to new employment opportunities2. This included vocational training and access to higher education courses.
financial support included what longbridge
This included redundancy payments and other forms of financial aid.
nissan and sunderland MNC example
large organisations that have operations + economic activity in more then 1 country
nissan invested a signif amount into its plant
Example nissan, Sunderland
buildings coal mining decliner
indirectly employs 70,000
nissan what was happening before investment
Sunderland’s significant coal mining and shipbuilding industries declined, leaving high unemployment rates.
economic policies in brum input by government to improve economy of industrialised places
increase priv sector jobs and 100,000 by 2020 by attracting FDI
incr in skills of labour force
2.5bn spent on transport infrastructure incl HS2
67,000 businesses attracted to area
city centre enterprise zone works in partnership w local employers and businesses to incr employment opportuntities
