Birmingham case study Flashcards
history of birmingham
role during roman invasion of enlgand
1166= more urbanised and market town
1530 industrial revolution
cultural and scientific hub in 18th century= internationally important
population growth and devlopment after blitz
economic fluctations and modern development after deindustrialisation, cponflict
redevlopment
population of brum in 2021
1,144,900
increase of brum population from 2011 to 2021
6.7%
gender ratios brum
49.2% male
age structure brum
whys population density so high
tower blocks and cheap terraced housing
age structure brum
85+= 1.9%
35-49= 19.4%
25-34=14.6%
20-24= 8.1%
4 and udner=6.6%
MEDIAN AGE IS 32
reasons for age structure
less young families and old ppl= coutner urbansiation
young ppl= entertsinment, shops, jobs , leisure, good quality unis
high birth rate
housing affordable
fertility rates brum
1.78 children per women= higher then average 1.55
whys fertility rates high
brum younger pop
a lot lower then 2011= falling pop in future
life expectancy brum
79
whys life expectancy lower then national avergae
also vs 2011
pollution and higher levels of poverty, 2nd most depriuved city in england
varies in city tho
increased since 2011- shows services have improved
migration rates brum and vs 2011
40.6% resident born outside UK
6.7% incr since 2011
religion in brum structure proportions
24.1% none
christian=34%
muslim=29.9%
hindu=1.9%
sikh=2.9%
other religions too
whys muslim high in brum
migration from areas such as pakistan
causes of wide variety of religion in brum
culturally important city
social cohesion however can cause conflict
ethnic grps brum
asian=31
black-11
mixed=4.8
white=48.6
other=4.5
how many cant speak english well
2.4%
traditional foods of brum
brummie bacon cakes
savoury ducs
pork scratching
variations in brum of education
6 grammar schls
5 unis
comprehensive
King Edward VI school for girls
Grammar school brum example gcse grades high
96.5%=A/A* and top 10 independant schl
lowest performing school brum
North Birmingham academy
17% w 5 GCSES
aveage income brum
39.4 K slightly higher then national average
but still large proprortion of udnerpaid jobs so varies
variation of income brum
Bromsgrove 202-48.4k
brum 037=24k
unemployment rate brum
14.7%=concerning
average house price
246,281- lower then aversge of 290,000
what effects house prices
HMO and smaller flats
employment stucture
Finance=20%
retail and hospitality- 18%
motor retails and repair=16%
poverty rate brum
43% live in top 10 percent deprived areas in Uk incl 51% children
whys brum so deprived
cost of living crisis and low employment rates
how brum are overcoming poverty and deprivation levels
skill training
job creation
small business support
affordable housing
food security
after schl program
how many in very good healht
79
major cuases of death
CHD
lung cancer
alchohol liver
=links to unhealthy eating habits, smoking and alchohol
pos and neg of migrants in brum
bringing diversity through different religions, ethnic groups, and languages. Migrants often fill lower-skilled jobs, which benefits current residents by filling positions that are less desirable. Additionally, skilled migrants bring new expertise, enhancing economic opportunities.
However, increased migration can strain services, education, and healthcare, potentially lowering their quality and accessibility for all residents.
economic development brum
- Shift to Quaternary Sector: Recent years have seen a shift towards the quaternary sector, driven by significant investment in the city. This investment has funded major developments and projects, creating jobs and attracting further investment, thus providing economic stability.
Infrastructure Improvements: Developments like the New Street Station have improved transport for over 140,000 passengers daily, benefiting those working in the city centre.
demographic and socio economic characteristics of brum
population and employment
education
economic development
trade and transportation
migration
studentification
economic multiplier effect
trade and transportation in burm
- Historical Trade Systems: Birmingham has maintained extensive trade systems across the country and abroad, leading to investments in transport systems such as canal boats, steam trains, motorways, and airports. These systems facilitate the import of raw materials, export of products, and access for workers and migrants.
Commuting Patterns: Improved transport allows wealthier individuals to live outside the city and commute to higher-paid jobs in the centre, contributing to higher unemployment and deprivation within the city for those unable to travel. Conversely, it enables city residents to access the Warwickshire countryside while maintaining city-based jobs.
coid 19 on brum
- Social and Economic Disruption: The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact on Birmingham, causing high mortality rates and significant economic disruption. Businesses went bankrupt, many people were furloughed or made redundant, and regeneration projects were halted. The closure of key businesses like John Lewis in Grand Central affected jobs and future investment prospects.
- Long-Term Effects: The pandemic stunted investment and job creation, leading to financial instability for many businesses and families. Recovery efforts are ongoing, but the economic landscape has been permanently altered.
first development of grand central station and issue
built in 1967 after brum blitz to cater for 60,000 passengers however by 2013 there was 140,000 passenegers a day which is over double causing overcowded trains so a redveloped station was needed
name of 2013 devlopemnt scheme
gateway plus
how many construction workers for gateway plus redevelopment scheme
3500 construction workers
how long was gateway plus redevelopment scheme
5 yrs
cost of gateway plus redevelopment scheme
150 million, 388 incl new street mall ect
yr gateway plus redevelopment scheme opened
2015
how many stores gateway plus redevelopment scheme aboves generating how many jobs
60 +
1000 jobs
hw many sq foot was john lewis
250,000
included in gateway plus redevelopment scheme was what
refurbished escalators platforms , lifts and john lewis and 60+ stores in shopping mall
material of roof model of gateway plus redevelopment scheme
EFTE plastic
who spearheaded gateway plus redevelopment scheme
national rail
satisfactory rate of Grand central station
52% in UK 2003 vs 92% in 2017
how was the station presented
website
news articles such as guardian
named after New York station
interviews w consturctipns workers and public
facebook and twitter
guardian descrivle gateway plus redevelopment scheme
‘tumbling cliff face of mirror polished stainless steel’
formal representationsof gateway plus redevelopment scheme
successful
show lots of visitors- 80,000 1st day, shopping, wealth
and jobs
MULTIPLIER EFFECT for more regeneration schemes
informal presentation of gateway plus redevelopment scheme
diverse view as wider stakeholder grp
local community and social media
How the redevelopment has positively affected the perception of Birmingham
the redevelopment of Grand Central has not only impacted the local area but helped to rebrand Birmingham as an upcoming shopping and dining hub with efficient transport links to the rest of the UK. This will not only make Birmingham more appealing due to choice of shopping/dining, but also as it is easier to reached due to improved infrastructure. For example, you can now reach London from New Street station in under two hour
external impact on grand central
cpovid 19
bankruptcy
commonwealth games 2022
covid 19 on grand central
The closure of the flagship store John Lewis which occupied 260,000 sq ft and filled 1000 jobs is obviously the most stark reminder of Covid-19 and its lasting impact, which caused shop sales as a whole to plummet globally as no one could leave their houses under lockdown regulations. This led to a rise in online shopping which has continued after the pandemic leaving the high street shopping centre never to fully recover from the 2020-21 period. The 65,000 sq. ft Debenhams store was also forced to shut in May 2021.
However there is hope, announced last year is the plan to transform the now derelict store into a mixed-use development named ‘Drum’. This plans to include a roof top garden on each of the four levels, restaurant, gym, grocery store and office complex. This integrated urban plan seems a sustainable rebound from COVIDs negative effects and uses precious vacant space effectively. It hopes to be completed by 2025.
branrupty on grand central
Birmingham’s recent declaration of bankruptcy in September 2023, has posed the imminent threat of service cuts. These could indeed impact Grand Central itself and the train station. Only time will tell how severe these impacts will be.
commonwealth games on grand central
saw a large increase in visitor footfall to 5 million and therefore spending. The trains got busier and shops more popular during this period, which helped to combat the post COVID slump seen above.
secondary sector decline
in 1960 manufacturing sector employed over 250,000 people and lowest unemployment rates and highest wage in UK
by 2006 only 56,000 jobs
decrease by 71%
new industries adopted to recover from deindustrialisation
tertiary, sector
10% firms in creative industries
3400 businesses
science and tech industry
=BRUM IS A SCIENCE AND DIGITAL CITY
what did brum city cancel do to overcome high unemployment
The main strategy for this was redevelop city centre as regional centre for commerce and to promote it as a destination for business tourism.
This involved developing new office districts, retail schemes, tourist attractions and hotels.
published in 1984 and laid the foundations for the development of the city’s economy over the next 15–20 years.
This Economic Strategy, along with Birmingham becoming eligible for EU funding and a number of regeneration initiatives from the government, gave Birmingham the means to implement its economic objectives.
whats strategy aim
Birmingham becomes a world leader in areas such as alternative energy, advanced materials, nanotechnologies, and medical technologies.
how much economic output generated by teritary sector after strategy
80%
biggest strategdy by brum
big city plan
whats big city plan aim
turn Birmingham into a ‘World Class City’ by 2030 and identified 5 zones in the city centre to focus on.
context was to regenerate the city centre and expand it to 800ha of the city.
aimed to increase the population by 100,000, and to create new jobs for this population, as well as to improve connectivity and change the physical environment.
sustainability push in brum
target being set of reducing Birmingham’s carbon dioxide emissions by 60% by 2026. This is being achieved by improving energy efficiency of buildings, reducing reliance on unsustainable energy, employing resource management, and reducing impact through low carbon transport. Part of this is by focusing on improving the ability to walk around the city, which should have a big impact on reducing carbon emissions.
whats technological advancement done to the city
For example to Think Tank Museum at Millenium point educates young people on the quaternary sector in a hands-on and interactive way, all with the aim to boost future potential of Birmingham’s next generation.
These advancements have also allowed for personalised shopping, where advertisements are made unique to the individual based on their outward perceived age, gender, race etc. This is likely to further boost sales in the area, leading to further investment and regeneration of infrastructure such as rail links. HS2 is another example of the future of high-speed rail which plans to be opened in the next 10 years.
whys retailing, commercial and entertainment industries expanding
bc income is lower then UK average which means they need to attract tourists to generate income so make new fancy shops and these employ ppl
What is the government’s role in Birmingham’s regeneration?
The government supports regeneration and investment in Birmingham to attract foreign investment, tourism, and economic success
What significant event did the government invest in to support Birmingham’s regeneration?
The 2022 Commonwealth Games, with an investment of £778 million.
How did the Commonwealth Games impact Birmingham?
It generated record footfall, boosting the economy, especially in retail and dining, and led to improvements in technology, transport, and residential developments.
What is HS2 Phase 1, and its significance for Birmingham?
A high-speed rail project connecting London and Birmingham, reducing travel times, and improving connectivity with 4 new platforms opening in 2026.
What is the Metro service project, and its purpose?
A £128 million project to run trams through Birmingham city center, linking key locations and improving city efficiency and output.
How much did the government invest in vital road link maintenance in Birmingham?
£72 million
What zones did the government introduce in Birmingham to improve economic output?
Investment zones in health, science, and intellectual areas.
Which major retailers contribute to Birmingham’s regeneration through the Bullring shopping center?
Primark, Selfridges, Urban Outfitters, and designer stores.
How does foreign and corporate investment contribute to Birmingham’s regeneration?
By supporting projects like HS2 and improving housing, transport, and private land, enhancing economic prospects.
Which community group in Birmingham helps young people at risk of homelessness?
St basils brum
What is Birmingham Settlement’s role in the community?
Supporting deprived families to prevent poverty, improving attractiveness, and reducing unemployment.
How has Birmingham’s regeneration impacted job prospects and income
High investment and redevelopment have improved job prospects and income, making the city more attractive and efficient.
How have transport links in Birmingham improved due to regeneration?
Enhanced tram services, integrated systems, and better walking and cycling routes.
Bullring’s contribution to Birmingham’s economy
110,000 sqm of retail space with 750,000 people visiting weekly.
What are the overall effects of Birmingham’s regeneration on the community and economy?
Mostly positive, with increased attractiveness, job opportunities, and profits for businesses, despite some short-term difficulties.
What is the expected opening year of the new Curzon Street station in Birmingham as part of HS2
2026
Q: How much is the Metro service project worth, and what is its purpose?
128 million, to run trams through Birmingham city center and improve city efficiency and output.
How did the government’s investment in transport projects impact local employment?
Created 1,300 jobs and contributed £50 million to the local economy.
Which project involved a significant government investment in road link maintenance around Birmingham?
A £72 million investment in road link maintenance and improvements.
aim of charities
to prevent people falling into poverty. This improves the attractiveness of Birmingham if there are less homeless and disadvantaged whilst also reducing unemployment allowing for economic growth and also migration to the area.
