Chapter 4 Flashcards
intra
in, within, into
inter
between
infra
beneath, under
abduction
moving away from
adduction
opposite side
ipsilateral
same side
contralateral
opposite side
sign vs symptom
sign is objective finding that a clinician can identify (ex. lab values, examination), symptom is subjective (ex. pain)`
adrenal glands
also called suprarenal glands - located above kidneys
parts of adrenal glands
adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla
function of adrenal galnds
secrete hormones
diseases of adrenal glands
Chronic adrenocortical insufficiency, cushings diease, cushings syndrome
autoimmune
body makes antibodies against its own cells, inflammation and injury occurs
autoimmune disease
lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, graves, celiac
ectopic pregnancy
embryo implanted outside the uterus, most common location is fallopian tube (ampulla)
triad ectopic pregnancy
abd pain, spotting, adnexal tenderness or mass
embryo implanted outside the uterus, most common location is fallopian tube (ampulla)
ectopic pregnancy, 1:100 pregnancies
risk factors for ectopic pregnancy
hx of previous, previous pelvic infxn, abd or tubal surgery, more than 2 abortions, IUD, assited reproduction
Tx for ectopic pregnancy
surgery, medication (methotrexate - folic acid analog)
prolapse
to sag
lapse
means to slide, sag, or fall
usually talking about organs (bladder, uterus, rectum)
ptosis
means the same as prolapse but is more commonly used when describing the drooping of eyelids
proptosis
forward prolapse (exophthalmos - forward protrusion of eyes)
symphysis
type of joint formed by cartilage, pubic symphysis - allows movement during pregnancy
(mandible unites before birth)
symbiosis
organisms in close association, mutual benefit/not, bacteria in GI tract
parasitism
type of symbiosis but one organism benefits but the other does not
antigen
foreign substance that stimulate the production of antibodies
antibodies
protein substance made by WBC in response of foreign antigen
Rh Factor
fetal red blood cells and maternal red blood cells mix during birth, etc - causes Ag to be present (no problem in FIRST pregnancy)
By Second pregnancy there are Ab made to protect “against” fetal RBC - occurs in early pregnancy (can cause fetus to be anemic/jaundice/complications)
Mother needs special medication to prevent her Ab from attacking fetal RBC (rhogam - Rh immune globulin that binds to Rh+ cells / prevents reaction)
Rh+ do NOT need Rhogam - ONLY Rh-
congenital anomaly
an abnormality a baby is born with
NOT same as genetic disorder (can be genetic, can also be toxin exposed to)
can be dx prenatally (neural tube defects - folic acid helps!)
recombinant DNA
procedure that takes a gene from one organism and recombines it into the DNA of another organism
used to manufacture insulin outside of body
steps in recombinant DNA
polymerase chain rxn - causes rapid reproduction
syndrome
group of signs/symptoms that are grouped together and indicate a particular disease or abnormal condition
Examples: Reye’s Syndrome, Marfan, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
fetal alcohol syndrome
growth retardation before or after birth, facial anomalies (skin folds in corner of eyes, flat nasal bridge, thin upper lip, long smooth groove between nose and upper lip), joint contractures, cardiovascular defects, CNS dysfunction, microencephaly.
marfan syndrome
inherited connective tissue disorder
tall, thin body type with arachnodactyly, elongated head, heart and blood vessel abnormality (aortic root dilation/dissection), ophthalmic abnormalities (ectopia lentis)
Leading cause of mental retardation in children
fetal alcohol syndrome (exceeds downs syndrome, cerebral palsy)
What is the volume of alcohol ingested to cause fetal alcohol syndrome
unknown
dialysis
complete separation
Artifiical kidney machine that separates harmful products from the blood
hemodialysis
removing toxins directly from the blood, long term access is from subcutaneous arteriovenous fistula (radial artery is anastomed to cephalic vein in an end to end anastomies
peritoneal dialysis
using diffusion across a semipermeable membrane
not offered to all patients - only for pts who are cleared for proper use of equipment and can keep a clean site to prevent infection
what is dialysis used for?
end stage renal disease/failure
3 days week/4 hours session
transurethral
through urethra/across urethra
ultrasonography
uses ultrasound waves that produces an image or photograph of an organ or tissue
liquid = black
solid = white
transurethral resection of the prostate
portion of prostate gland is removed with an instrument passed through the urethra. Performed when a patient has prostate enlargement (hypertrophy)
helps alleviate symtpoms
echocardiogram
ultrasound image of the heart
