chapter 4 Flashcards
muscul/o, my/o, myos/o
make body moments possible, hold body erect, move body fluids, and produce body heat.
fasci/o,
cover, support, and separate muscles
tendons
attach muscles to bones
bi-
twice, double, two
clon/o
violent action
dys-
bad, difficult, or painful
fasci/0
fascia, fibrous band
fibr/o
fibrous tissue, fiber
-ia
abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium
-ic
pertaining to
kines/o, kinesi/o
movement
my/o
muscle
-plegia
paralysis, stroke
-rrhexis
rupture
tax/o
coordination, order
tend/o, ten/o, tendin/o
tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
ton/o
tone, stretching, tension
tri-
three
abduction
the movement of a limb (arm or leg) away from the midline of the body.
adduction
the movement of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the body.
adhesion
a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally.
ataxia
the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement.
atonic
lacking normal muscle tone or strength.
atrophy
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures.
bradykinesia
extreme slowness in movement.
carpal tunnel syndrome
symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel into the hand are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen.
chronic fatigue syndrome
(CFS) is a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems; a debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity.
circumduction
the circular movement at the far end of a limb.
compartment syndrome
involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the compartment, an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles in the arm or leg; this syndrome can be caused by trauma, tight bandages or casts, or repetitive activities such as running.
contracture
the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues.
dorsiflexion
the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle.
dyskinesia
distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions.
dystonia
a movement disorder characterized by the involuntary and sometimes repetitive contraction of certain muscles.
electromyography
(EMG) is a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation.
epicondylitis
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow.
ergonomics
the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment.
exercise physiologist
a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness.
fasciitis
inflammation of a fascia.
fibromyalgia
a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms.
ganglion cyst
a benign, fluid-filled lump that usually occurs on the outer surface of the wrist or hand, sometimes as a result of a past injury.
heel spur
a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus (heel) bone, causing pain that is often mistaken for plantar fasciitis.
hemiparesis
a weakness or slight muscle paralysis affecting one side of the body.
hemiplegia
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body.
hernia
occurs when tissue, such as part of an internal organ, protrudes through a weak area in the muscle normally containing it.
hyperkinesia
also known as hyperactivity, is abnormally increased muscle function or activity.
hypotonia
a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles.
impingement syndrome
also known as rotator cuff tendinitis, occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint.
innervation
the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve.
insertion
where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon; in contrast to the origin, the insertion is the more movable attachment, and it is the farthest point from the midline of the body.
intermittent claudication
(IC) pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest.
muscular dystrophy
(MD) is properly referred to in the plural, which is muscular dystrophies; this general term describes a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system.
myasthenia gravis
a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction (where the neuron activates the muscle to contract) and produces weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles, especially in the eye, face, and throat.
myoclonus
the quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles.
myofascial release
a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome.
myoparesis
weakness or slight muscular paralysis.
myorrhaphy
surgical suturing of a muscle.
neuromuscular
pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle.
oblique
slanted or at an angle.
origin
where the muscle begins, and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton. The origin is the less movable attachment.
paralysis
the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply (plural, paralyses).
paraplegia
also known as partial paralysis, is the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body.
physiatrist
a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function.
plantar fasciitis
also known as plantar fasciopathy, is an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot; this condition causes foot or heel pain when walking or running.
polymyositis
(PM) is a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body.
pronation
the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward.
quadriplegia
also known as tetraplegia, is paralysis of all four extremities.
sarcopenia
the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging.
shin splint
a painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia (shin bone).
singultus
also known as hiccups, is myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm.
sphincter
a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway.
sprain
an injury to a joint, such as an ankle, knee, or wrist, which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn.
tendinopathy
the general term for irritation or degeneration of a tendon in any joint, for example in the rotator cuff.
tenodesis
surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone.
tenolysis
the release of a tendon from adhesions.
tenosynovitis
inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon.
tenotomy
surgical cutting of a tendon to provide release or allow lengthening.
torticollis
also known as wryneck, is a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side.
