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FORENSIC 4 > CHAPTER 4 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 4 Flashcards

1
Q

-are condensed and compact set of authentic specimens which, if adequate and proper should contain a cross section the material from a known source.

A

STANDARD OR STANDARD DOCUMENT

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2
Q

–known material where their origin, authorship and the date proven and authentic

A

STANDARD OR STANDARD DOCUMENT

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2
Q

-they are being used in cross section or cross examination of questioned document

A

standard document and exemplar

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3
Q

–CROSS SECTION EXAMINATION is the

A

JUXTA POSITION

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3
Q
  • They are known writings which indicate how a person writes.
A

STANDARD

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4
Q

-A writer manifests fixed habits in his writings that identify him.

A

STANDARD

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5
Q

-In questioned documents investigation, we mean those things whose origins are known and can be proven, and which can be legally used as examples to compare with other matters in question.

A

STANDARD

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6
Q

–just like in fingerprint, our _______ is unique from individual

A

handwriting

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7
Q

is there a handwriting that is exactly the same?

A

NO

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7
Q
  • Specimen of the writing of suspects are commonly known as
A

EXEMPLARS

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8
Q

is a general term referring to all authenticated writings of the suspects

A

standards

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9
Q

refers more especially to a specimens of standard writing offered in evidence or obtained or request for comparison with the questioned writing

A

exemplars

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10
Q

–if the standards are being used or offered in the court, it is

A

EXEMPLAR

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10
Q

any writings could be considered as STANDARDS but not EXEMPLARS due to some writings are not presented in the court. Is it true or false?

A

true

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11
Q

-A term used by some document examiners and attorneys to characterize known material.

A

EXEMPLARS

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12
Q

-Standard is the older term.

A

EXEMPLARS

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13
Q

TYPES OF HANDWRITING “STANDARDS”

A

COLLECTED STANDARDS
REQUEST/REQUESTED STANDARDS
POST LITEM MOTAM EXEMPLARS

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14
Q

-are those already in existence that the attorney or investigator collects.

A

COLLECTED STANDARDS

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15
Q

-They may be bank records, letters, legal forms, and the like

A

COLLECTED STANDARDS

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16
Q

The best standards are those that most closely emulate the timetrame, circumstances, materials and content of the questioned document.

A

COLLECTED STANDARDS

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16
Q

should be collected from a period dated within a year of the date questioned document, with some written within weeks or days of the questioned writing.

A

Standards

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17
Q

Standards should be collected from a period dated within a _____ of the date questioned document, with some written within _____ of the questioned writing.

A

year
weeks or days

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18
Q
  • This is especially critical in cases involving illness, death, accident, mental imbalance, substance abuse, or anything likely to cause a dramatic change in the subject’s handwriting.
A

collected standards

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19
Q

________ can be important in a document examination. Look for collected standards that share letter combinations, words, phrases or numbers with the questioned document.

A

Content

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20
Q

-are those that the subject is requested to give to facilitate the document examination.

A

REQUEST/ REQUESTED STANDARDS

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21
Q

-Those which are given or made upon the request of an investigator for purpose of making comparative examination with the request writing.

A

REQUEST/ REQUESTED STANDARDS

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22
Q

are signature or other handwritings (or hand printings) written by an individual upon request for the purpose of comparison with other handwriting, or for specimen purposes.

A

REQUEST/ REQUESTED STANDARDS

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23
Q

are preferable to request standards, though both types should be submitted if available.

A

collected standards

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23
Q
  • When __________ prepare a text that will include such similar content.
A

REQUEST/ REQUESTED STANDARDS

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24
Q

In a handwriting case the material to be written should be dictated to the subject, rather than copied by the subject.

A

REQUEST/ REQUESTED STANDARDS

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25
Q
  • Depending on the questioned document, it may be important to request that the subject write in printed or cursive form. Also, it may be necessary to request samples written with the unaccustomed (“wrong”) hand.
A

REQUEST/ REQUESTED STANDARDS

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26
Q
  • dominant hand
A

ACCUSTOMED HAND

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27
Q
  • non-dominant hand
A

UNACCUSTOMED HAND

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28
Q

Have the subject sign these forms one at a time.

A

REQUEST/ REQUESTED STANDARDS

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28
Q

-is a Latin phrase commonly used in legal contexts.

A

POST LITEM MOTAM EXEMPLARS

29
Q

means “after”,

A

Post

30
Q

refers to “lawsuit” or “legal action” or litigation

A

litem”

31
Q

translates to “moved” or “initiated.”

A

motam

31
Q

means “after a litigation has commenced”

A

POST LITEM MOTAM EXEMPLARS

32
Q

-Handwriting samples are collected or produced after a legal dispute has arisen,

A

POST LITEM MOTAM EXEMPLARS

33
Q

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE SELECTION OF STANDARDS:

A

THE AMOUNT OF STANDARD WRITTEN

SIMILARLY OF SUBJECT MATTER

RELATIVE DATES

CONDITION UNDER WHICH BOTH THE QUESTIONED AND THE STANDARD ARE PREPARED

WRITING INSTRUMENT AND PAPER

34
Q

-There is no hard rule as to the fixed number of standards which may be considered sufficient or adequate, although experience shows that at least seven (7) standards usually constitute sufficient amount of standards but still, 10 is better than 7, 15 is better than 10. In short, the more the better.

A

THE AMOUNT OF STANDARD WRITTEN

35
Q

-The question arises, how much is enough? There is not an”across the board” answer. There are unusual cases where one or two signatures will suffice. It all depends on the nature of the question.

A

THE AMOUNT OF STANDARD WRITTEN

36
Q

-As a rule only like things are to be compared meaning standards should always be congruent to the nature of the questioned or disputed materials.

A

SIMILARLY OF SUBJECT MATTER

37
Q

-Standards for comparison should relatively contemporary in dates.

A

RELATIVE DATES

38
Q

-Those documents executed two years before or after the date of the questioned document are best.

A

RELATIVE DATES

38
Q

-Contemporary as used in questioned document refers to documents that are executed within five (5) years prior to the questioned document.

A

RELATIVE DATES

39
Q

______ as used in questioned document refers to documents that are executed within five (5) years prior to the questioned document.

A

Contemporary

40
Q

-Conditions both of the writer and the relative position under which questioned writing was executed should be taken into consideration although this is somewhat a difficult task for it is seldom or worst is so available standards written under similar condition as in questioned.

A

CONDITION UNDER WHICH BOTH THE QUESTIONED AND THE STANDARD ARE PREPARED

41
Q

-Find out everything possible about the circumstances under which the questioned document was allegedly prepared.

A

CONDITION UNDER WHICH BOTH THE QUESTIONED AND THE STANDARD ARE PREPARED

42
Q

-Was the subject lying sick in bed, standing at a counter, holding a clipboard in his or her lap? Try to obtain standards written under similar conditions.

A

CONDITION UNDER WHICH BOTH THE QUESTIONED AND THE STANDARD ARE PREPARED

43
Q

-Determine the kind of ink, pen, and paper that was used in questioned document and the same should be use during the collection of standards.

A

WRITING INSTRUMENT AND PAPER

43
Q

HANDWRITINGS/SIGNATURES THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO SOLVE

A

1.Signature of the careless or highly erratic writer.

  1. Receipt Signature

3.Near - Illiterate Writer

  1. Signatures of Physical Impaired Writer:
    a. The intoxicated signature
    b. Old age deterioration
    c. The sick bed signature.

5.Disguised signature or writing

44
Q
  • the willful modification of a person’s own handwriting for the purpose of concealing his or her identity.
A

DISGUISED WRITING

44
Q

remedy for Signature of the careless or highly erratic writer.

A

COLLECTED STANDARDS

45
Q

remedy for Receipt Signature

A

OTHER RECEIPT SIGNATURES

46
Q

remedy for Near - Illiterate Writer

A

REQUEST STANDARDS IF WRITER IS STILL LIVING

47
Q

Signatures of Physical Impaired Writer:

A

a. The intoxicated signature
b. Old age deterioration
c. The sick bed signature.

48
Q

remedy for The intoxicated signature

A

COLLECT STANDARDS WRITTEN IN THE SAME SITUATION

49
Q

remedy for Old age deterioration

A

COLLECT 2 OR 3 TIMES MORE STANDARDS.

50
Q

remedy for The sick bed signature.

A

SIMILAR TO OLD AGE DETERIORATION.

51
Q

remedy for Disguised signature or writing

A

COLLECTED AND REQUESTED STANDARDS.

52
Q

the efforts of the writer are directed towards hiding his or her personal characteristics.

A

DISGUISED WRITING

53
Q

PURPOSE OF DISGUISED WRITING:

A
  1. FOR WRITING THE CHEQUES WITH THE SIGNATURE OF FICTITIOUS PERSON.
  2. TO SUPPORT STOLEN CHEQUES.
  3. FOR WRITING ANONYMOUS OR PSEUDO ANONYMOUS LETTERS.
  4. FOR WRITING EXTORTION LETTERS, LETTERS ASKING FOR RANSOM AND BLACKMAIL LETTERS ETC.
  5. FOR SUBMITTING FALSE HANDWRITING STANDARDS ALSO KNOWN AS THE SPECIMEN HANDWRITING SAMPLES OR EXEMPLARS.
54
Q

FALSE HANDWRITING STANDARDS ALSO KNOWN AS THE

A

SPECIMEN HANDWRITING SAMPLES OR EXEMPLARS.

55
Q

FEATURES OF DISGUISED WRITING:

A
  • A change in the slant i.e…. slope of the handwriting
  • A change in the size of alphabets, numbers and punctuation marks etc.
  • Change in speed of writing in order to increase its legibility or illegibility.
  • Indiscriminate use of capital and small letter.
  • Use of incorrect spellings in order to mislead the examiner and to give the wrong impression on literacy.
  • Introduction of tremors in handwriting, a change in pictorial effect i.e, the overall appearance of writing. This is usually achieved by writing with unaccustomed hand.
56
Q
  • shaking of the handwriting
A

TREMORS

56
Q

as a common way to disguise their writing

A

unaccustomed hand

57
Q

has since reported that writing produced by the unaccustomed hand will generally bear little resemblance to writing produced by the dominant hand; and about 5% (one in twenty) of the people going for disguise chose writing with the unaccustomed hand as the preferred mode of disguise because it produced an unrecognizable handwriting

A

HARRISON

58
Q

will generally bear little resemblance to writing produced by the dominant hand; and about 5% (one in twenty) of the people going for disguise chose writing with the as the preferred mode of disguise because it produced an unrecognizable handwriting

A

unaccustomed hand

59
Q

-HARRISON has since reported that writing produced by the unaccustomed hand will generally bear little resemblance to writing produced by the dominant hand; and about ___ (one in twenty) of the people going for disguise chose writing with the unaccustomed hand as the preferred mode of disguise because it produced an unrecognizable handwriting

A

5%

60
Q

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL IN HANDWRITING

A
  1. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL EFFECTS
  2. EVIDENCE OF ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION IN HANDWRITING
60
Q

ADMISSIBILITY OF STANDARD WRITINGS

A
  1. STANDARD WRITINGS WITNESSED
  2. STANDARDS WRITINGS ADMITTED
  3. RECORD MAINTAINED IN REGULAR COURSE OF BUSINESS AS STANDARD WRITINGS
  4. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT AS STANDARD WRITINGS
  5. ANCIENT WRITINGS
  6. OTHER WRITINGS STANDARDS FAMILIARITY SOMETIMES ESTABLISHES STANDARD WRITINGS
61
Q

is more than 30 years old;

A

ANCIENT DOCUMENT

61
Q

is produced from custody in which it would naturally be found if genuine; and

A

ANCIENT DOCUMENT

62
Q

is unblemished by any alteration or by any circumstance of suspicion.

A

ANCIENT DOCUMENT

63
Q

–no question to its authenticity, it is already admissible in court

A

ANCIENT DOCUMENT

64
Q

What section and rule does ancient document define?

A

SECTION 21, RULE 132

65
Q
  • The opinion of a witness for which proper basis is given, may be received in evidence regarding-
    1. the identity of a person about whom he has adequate knowledge;
    2. A handwriting with which he has sufficient familiarity; and
    3. The mental sanity of a person with whom he is sufficiently acquainted.
A

SEC. 50. OPINION OF ORDINARY WITNESSES

66
Q

may also testify on his impressions of the emotion, behavior, condition or appearance of a person

A

witness

67
Q

What section does opinion ordinary witness under

A

Section 50

68
Q

as the preferred mode of disguise because it produced an unrecognizable handwriting

A

unaccustomed hand

69
Q

–changing your handwriting for the purpose of concealing your identity

A

DISGUISED WRITING

70
Q
  • The _______ are those that most closely emulate the timeframe, circumstances, materials and content of the questioned document.
A

best standards

71
Q

–in claiming money in the bank and scholarship, we need 3 specimens or signatures

A

COLLECTED STANDARDS

FORENSIC 4 (7 decks)

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