CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
-it refers to something wrong in time and in place.
ANACHRONISM
- This means that the forger has trouble matching the paper, ink, or writing materials to the exact date it was Supposed to have been written.
ANACHRONISM
means “against”
ANA
means “time”
KHRONOS
-These are sheets of interlaced fibers-usually cellulose fibers from plants but sometimes from cloth rags or other fibrous materials, that is formed by pulping the fibers and causing to felt, or mat, to form a solid surface.
PAPER
-Certain papers are marked with a translucent design
WATERMARK
____________ Impressed in them during the course of their manufacture.
WATERMARK
–not an ink, it is part of the paper
WATERMARK
- Any material used primarily for writing or recording such as papers, cardboard, board papers, Morocco paper, etc.
WRITING MATERIALS
–not only limited to paper, consider every able or any surfaces that can be absorbed ink or scratch
WRITING MATERIALS
The common (probable) questioned on paper is its ______
AGE
-This came into use about 3,500 B.C.-people of Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and Southern Europe used the pith (soft spongy tissue of the stem) of the sedge (grass-like herb)
PAPYRUS
–“paper plant” or “paper made from it”
PAPYRUS
–papyrus real name is
CYPERUS PAPYRUS
to make a writing material known as PAPYRUS
CYPERUS PAPYRUS
-writing material made from skin of animals primarily of sheep, calves or goats was probably developed in the Middle East more or less contemporaneously with papyrus.
PARCHMENT
PARCHMENT
-writing material made from skin of animals primarily of ____, ____ or _____
sheep, calves or goats
-It came into wide use only in the 2nd century B.C. in the city of PERGAMUM in ANATOLIA.
PARCHMENT
Parchment came into wide use only in the 2nd century B.C. in the city of
PERGAMUM in ANATOLIA.
-writing materials from fine skins from young calves or kids
VELLUM
was often Used for all kind of parchment manuscripts
VELLUM
-it became the most important writing material for bookmaking
VELLUM
_____ became the most important writing material for bookmaking, while _____ continued for special manuscripts.
- VELLUM
- PARCHMENT
-Almost every able surface that would retain the marks of brush or pen was also used as a _____ during the early period.
writing material
It is widely claimed that invention of paper is generally attributed to a Chinese court official, ___________, in about A D. 105.
CAI LUN (TSAI LUN)
-He is the first to succeed in making paper from vegetable fibers, tree barks (mulberry tree), rags, old fish netting.
CAI LUN (TSAI LUN)
–born in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 50), he was raised in a poor family and served as a COURT EUNUCH from AD 75
CAI LUN (TSAI LUN)
- means “SERVANT or STATES”
EUNUCH
had a long history of writing on bamboo and wooden slips with alternatives such as writing on SILK AND CLOTH which were too expensive for widespread uses
CHINA
CHINA had a long history of writing on bamboo and wooden slips with alternatives such as writing on ______ which were too expensive for widespread uses
SILK AND CLOTH
–Attempting to address the issue, he boiled BAMBOO, HEMP WASTE (means “MARIJUANA”), OLD RAGS, FISHNETS AND TREE BARKS to a pulp which was then beaten before missing it with water. After processing the resulting mixture with wooden sieves, the excess water was removed to make dried paper
CAI LUN/ TSAI LUN
What did Cai Lun boiled to make a paper?
BAMBOO, HEMP WASTE, OLD RAGS, FISHNETS AND TREE BARKS
HEMP WASTE means
“MARIJUANA”
—Paper making from CHINA TO
japan
The art of paper making was kept secret for _____ years: the JAPANESE acquired it in the 7th century A.D.
500
The art of paper making was kept secret for 500 years: the _______ acquired it in the 7th century A.D.
JAPANESE
- name of Japan paper
WASHI
NA.D. 751, the Arab city of Samarkand was attacked by _____
MARAUDING CHINESE
they are the Chinese taken as prisoners were skilled in paper making and were forced by the city Governor to build and operate a paper mill
MARAUDING CHINESE
became the paper making center of the Arab world.
SAMARKAND
____ the Arab city of Samarkand was attacked by MARAUDING CHINESE and some Chinese taken as prisoners were skilled in paper making and were forced by the city Governor to build and operate a paper mill and SAMARKAND soon became the paper making center of the Arab world.
NA.D. 751
Knowledge of papermaking traveled _______, spreading throughout the Middle East, the Moorish invasion of Spain led to the invention (A.D. 1150) or erection of the first European paper mill, of JATIVA, province of VALENCIA
westward
Knowledge of papermaking traveled westward, spreading throughout the Middle East, the ______ led to the invention (A.D. 1150) or erection of the first European paper mill, of JATIVA, province of VALENCIA
Moorish invasion of Spain
Knowledge of papermaking traveled westward, spreading throughout the Middle East, the Moorish invasion of Spain led to the invention ______ or erection of the first European paper mill, of JATIVA, province of VALENCIA
A.D. 1150
the Moorish invasion of Spain led to the invention (A.D. 1150) or erection of the first European paper mill, of ____, province of _______
JATIVA, province of VALENCIA
they are the MUSLIM or ARAB
MOORISH
they marry Spanish people. Their descendants are called MOONS
ARAB BERBER INVADERS
ARAB BERBER INVADERS marry Spanish people. Their descendants are called
MOONS
Knowledge of the technology spread quickly and by _____, paper was manufactured throughout most of Europe
16TH CENTURY
The first paper mill in England was established in?
1495
The first mill was built in America in?
1690
this country is under the Colony of the England
AMERICA
The first practical machine was made in what year?
1798
The first practical machine was made in 1798 by the French Inventor
NICHOLAS LOUIS ROBERT
The machine made by him reduced the cost of paper it supplants the hand-molding process in paper manufacture.
NICHOLAS LOUIS ROBERT
- means “substitute”
SUPPLANTS
Roberts machine was improved by the British stationers and brothers ________, who in 1803 produced the first of the machines that bear their name.
HENRY FOURDRINIER AND SEALY FOURDRINIER
Roberts machine was improved by the British stationers and brothers HENRY FOURDRINIER AND SEALY FOURDRINIER, who in _____ produced the first of the machines that bear their name.
1803
The solution of the problem of making paper from cheap raw material was achieved by the introduction of the _______ of pulp making about 1840 and the first of the chemical pulp processes approximately ten years later.
groundwood process
The solution of the problem of making paper from cheap raw material was achieved by the introduction of the groundwood process of pulp making about ______ and the first of the chemical pulp processes approximately ten years later.
1840
-This was introduced in the 19th century for bleaching and colored linen could already be manufactured for paper.
CHLORINE
What century did chlorine was introduced
19th century
-is one widely used as delignification/ bleaching agent in the pulp and paper industry, providing a high-quality, low-cost delignification and bleaching process
CHLORINE DIOXIDE (CIO2)
This is a grass grown in Libya, also in Spain and North Africa was fest introduced in England in 1861.
ESPARTO
Esparto was first introduced in England in?
1861
-This was used to make paper in 1800.
STRAW
Straw was used to make paper in?
1800
- This is a paper from wood was not attempted until 1869 and paper called ____ (modern type) was first used between 1880 and 1890.
SULPHITE
- This is a paper from wood was not attempted until 1869 and paper called SULPHITE (modern type) was first used between ____ and ____
1880 and 1890
-Letters dated A.D. 874 have been found in Egypt and the oldest manuscript in England on cotton paper dated AD 1890.
OLDEST MANUSCRIPT
- This is a paper from wood was not attempted until ___ and paper called SULPHITE (modern type) was first used between 1880 and 1890.
1869
-Letters dated ____ have been found in Egypt and the oldest manuscript in England on cotton paper dated AD 1890.
A.D. 874
The age of the document may be estimated from paper. Four cases were reported by ____ where the age of the document was established from the compositor/composition of the paper.
Lucas
-Letters dated A.D. 874 have been found in Egypt and the oldest manuscript in England on cotton paper dated _____.
AD 1890
a document dated ______ was found to be written on paper composed entirely of chemically prepared wood cellulose. Considering that this type of paper was not introduced not until about 60 years later, the document is obviously a fake one.
1213 A.H. (A.D. 1798)
a figure or design incorporated into paper during its manufacture and appearing lighter than the rest of the sheet when viewed in transmitted light.
WATERMARK
-a brand put on the paper by the manufactures.
WATERMARK
-The earliest way of identifying the date of manufacture of the paper is by the
WATERMARK
what are the things that was put on the watermark?
NAME OF THE AUTHOR, COUNTRY, DATE PUBLISHED AND LOGO
-Watermarks first appeared on papers produced in ____ around 1270, less than 100 years after the art of paper making was introduced to Europe by MUSLIMS from the Middle East.
ITALY
HOW IS WATERMARK MADE?
-It is made when the semi-fluid paper pulp (mixture off cotton or other fibers) was being drained on a grid of laid warp) and chain (wool) wires.
-Fine wires forming the desired design were lied on top of the grid and impressed into the pulp.
-This impression made the paper thinner, and therefore, more transparent, where it appeared.
-The watermark was made when the semi-fluid paper pulp (mixture off cotton or other fibers) was being drained on a
grid of laid warp) and chain (wool) wires.
-Watermarks first appeared on papers produced in ITALY around ____, less than 100 years after the art of paper making was introduced to Europe by MUSLIMS from the Middle East.
1270
-Watermarks first appeared on papers produced in ITALY around 1270, less than 100 years after the art of paper making was introduced to Europe by _____ from the Middle East.
MUSLIMS
-Early in the 19th century, paper makers began to solder the watermark wires to the grid frame, thus insuring _______ and _______
94 uniformity of impression and aiding in the detection of counterfeiting and forgery.
-The first British postage stamps of ____ bore a watermark, but stamps of the United States were not so marked until 1895.
1840
