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FORENSIC 4 > CHAPTER 3 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 3 Flashcards

1
Q

-Any material containing marks, symbols, or signs either visible, partially visible that may present or ultimately convey a meaning to someone, maybe in the form of pencil, ink writing, typewriting, or printing on paper

A

DOCUMENT

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2
Q

applies writings: to words printed, lithographed, or photographed; to maps or plans; to seals, plates, or even stones on which inscriptions are cut or engraved.

A

DOCUMENT

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3
Q

may mean deeds, agreements, title, letters, receipts, and other written instruments used to prove a fact

A

DOCUMENT

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4
Q
  • Latin word “DOCUMENTUM’, means “lesson or example” while in Medieval Latin “instruction or paper” or
A

DOCUMENT

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5
Q

-French word “DOCERE” means “to teach”

A

DOCUMENT

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6
Q

means “lesson or example” while in Medieval Latin “instruction or paper” or

A

“DOCUMENTUM’,

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6
Q

means “to teach”

A

“DOCERE”

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7
Q
  • _____ word “DOCUMENTUM’, means “lesson or example” while in Medieval Latin “instruction or paper” or
A

Latin

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8
Q

-____ word “DOCERE” means “to teach”

A

French

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9
Q

-A term used by some document examiners and attorneys to characterize known material.

A

EXEMPLAR

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9
Q
  • One in which the facts appearing therein may not be true and are contested either in whole or part with respect to its authenticity, identity, or origin.
A

QUESTIONED DOCUMENT

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9
Q
  • A term suggesting that there is an argument or controversy over, the document, and strictly speaking this is true meaning.
A

DISPUTED DOCUMENT

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9
Q

-Any material which some issue has been raised or which is under scrutiny

A

QUESTIONED

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10
Q

means under investigation

A

scrutiny

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11
Q

-It may be a deed, contract, will, election ballots, marriage contract, check, visas, application form, check writer, certificates, etc

A

QUESTIONED DOCUMENT

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12
Q

are used interchangeably to signify a document that is under special scrutiny.

A

disputed document” and “questioned document”

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12
Q

-In this text, as well as through prior usage, however, ________ and “questioned document” are used interchangeably to signify a document that is under special scrutiny.

A

DISPUTED DOCUMENT

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13
Q

KINDS OF DOCUMENT

A
  1. PUBLIC DOCUMENT
  2. OFFICIAL DOCUMENT
  3. PRIVATE DOCUMENT
  4. COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT
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13
Q

any document completely written and signed by one person also known as a

A

HOLOGRAPH

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13
Q

-Are condensed and compact set of authentic specimens which, if adequate and proper, should contain a cross section of the material from a known source

A

STANDARD (STANDARD DOCUMENT)

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13
Q
  • any document completely written and signed by one person also known as a HOLOGRAPH
A

HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT

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13
Q

collections of typewriting, check writing specimens, inks, pens, pencils, and papers are frequently maintained.

A

REFERENCE COLLECTION

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13
Q

-in a number of jurisdictions, a holographic will can be probated without anyone having witnessed its execution

A

HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT

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13
Q

-Standard is the older term

A

EXEMPLAR

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13
Q

Examples: Birth certificate issued by PSA, Marriage certificate issued by the registrar of the municipality

A

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT

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13
Q

-notarized by a notary public or competent public official with solemnities required by law. (Cacnio vs.Baens, 5 Phil. 742)

A

PUBLIC DOCUMENT

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14
Q
  • Material compiled and organized by the document examiner to assist him in answering special questions.
A

REFERENCE COLLECTION

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14
Q

-issued by the government or its agents or its officers having the authority to do so and the offices, which in accordance with their creation, they are authorized to issue and be issued in the performance of their duties

A

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT

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15
Q
  • executed by a private person without the intervention of a notary public or of any person legally authorized, by which documents, some disposition or public or agreement is proved, evidenced, or set forth (US vs Orera, 11 Phil. 596).
A

PRIVATE DOCUMENT

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16
Q

-executed in accordance with the Code of Commerce or any Mercantile Law, containing disposition of commercial rights or obligations.

A

COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT

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17
Q

-is considered the landmark law in the history of the Philippines since it has placed the Philippines among the countries penalizing cybercrime (June 14, 2000)

A

REPUBLIC ACT 8792

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18
Q
  • exist only in electronic form such as data stored on a computer, network, back-up, archive, or other storage media.
A

ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT (E-DOCUMENT)

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18
Q

-Examples of documents subjects to e-discovery are e-mails, instant message, e-calendars, audio files, data on handheld devices, animation, metadata, graphics, photographs, spreadsheets, websites, drawings, and other types of digital data. (Governed by RA 8792)

A

ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT (E-DOCUMENT)

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19
Q

-Likewise, the Supreme Court drafter the RULES ON ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE which took effect on August 1, 2000 to emphasize the admissibility of evidence in electronic form, subject to its authenticity and reliability

A

REPUBLIC ACT 8792

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20
Q
  • Any matter made a part of the document after its original preparation may be referred to as addition
A

ADDITION

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20
Q

–a.k.a “ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACT OF 2000”

A

REPUBLIC ACT 8792

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21
Q

-Likewise, the Supreme Court drafter the RULES ON ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE which took effect on __________ to emphasize the admissibility of evidence in electronic form, subject to its authenticity and reliability

A

August 1, 2000

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22
Q

–its kinds is: INSERTION OR INTERLINEATION

A

ADDITION

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23
Q

-A scientific ______ results from relating observed facts by logical, common sense reasoning in accordance with established rules or laws.

A

CONCLUSION

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24
Q

is not admissible in court however in every general rule there is an exemption which is the ORDINARY WITNESS with sufficient familiarity over handwriting

A

OPINION

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24
Q

-Document examiners are often referred to as ___________________ but today the work has outgrown this latter title and involves other problems than merely the examination of handwriting.

A

HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION EXPERTS

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25
Q

-The document examiners conclusion, in legal term is referred to as

A

OPINIONS

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26
Q

-One who studies scientifically the details and elements of documents to identify their source or to discover other facts concerning them

A

DOCUMENT EXAMINER

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27
Q

LIGHT COME FROM ON THE ABRASIVE ERASURE WHERE?

A

SIDE

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27
Q
  • The removal of writings, typewriting or printing, from a document is an erasure.
A

ERASURE

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27
Q

-in which the writing is removed or bleached by Mechanical or chemical agents (e.g., liquid ink eradicator); and

A

CHEMICAL ERADICATION

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27
Q

-It maybe accomplished by either of two means:
1.CHEMICAL ERADICATION
2. ABRASIVE ERASURE/ MECHANICAL ERASURE

A

ERASURE

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28
Q
  • the writing is effaced by rubbing with a rubber eraser or scratching out with a knife or other sharp with implement
A

ABRASIVE ERASURE/ MECHANICAL ERASURE

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29
Q

-Various types are undertaken, including microscopic, visual photographic, chemical, ultraviolet, and infra-red examination

A

EXAMINATION

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29
Q

-It is the act of making a close and critical study of any material and with questioned documents, it is the process necessary to about them.

A

EXAMINATION

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30
Q
  • A legal term used to describe a witness who by reason of his special training or experience is permitted to express an opinion regarding the issue, or a certain aspect of the issue, which is involved in court action.
A

EXPERT WITNESS

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31
Q

-His purpose is to interpret technical information in his particular specialty in order to assist the court in administering justice.

A

EXPERT WITNESS

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32
Q

-Generally, not regarded as conclusive, but purely advisory in character

A

SECTION 49: OPINION OF EXPERT WITNESSES

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32
Q

-The document examiner testifies in court as an

A

EXPERT WITNESS

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33
Q

-The opinion of a witness on a matter requiring special knowledge, skill, experience or training which he shown to possess, may be received in evidence

A

SECTION 49: OPINION OF EXPERT WITNESSES

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33
Q

-The opinion of witness is not admissible, except in the following sections:

A

SECTION 48

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34
Q

-Courts are not bound by the experts findings

A

SECTION 49: OPINION OF EXPERT WITNESSES

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35
Q

-Courts are not bound by the experts findings
-Generally, not regarded as conclusive, but purely ______

A

advisory in character

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36
Q

-The professional experience, education, and ability of a document examiner before he is permitted to testify as an expert witness, the court must rule that he is qualified in his field.

A

QUALIFICATION

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37
Q
  • In legal language, it refers to the document examiner’s conclusion.
A

OPINION/CONCLUSION

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38
Q

-In Court, he is not only expressing an opinion but demonstrate the reasons for arriving to it.

A

OPINION/CONCLUSION

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39
Q
  • Material compiled and organized by the document examiner to assist him in answering special questions.
A

REFERENCE COLLECTION

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40
Q

collections of typewriting, check writing specimens, inks, pens, pencils, and papers are frequently maintained.

A

REFERENCE COLLECTION

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40
Q

include the addition of writing and other material between lines or paragraphs

A

INTERLINEATION

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41
Q
  • as used in this text it means that the source or authorship of the compared questioned and standard specimens is different.
A

NON-IDENTIFICATION (NON-IDENTIFICATION)

41
Q

–a.k.a “OVER A WRITING”

A

OBLITERATION

41
Q

the addition of whole page to a document

A

INSERTION

42
Q
  • the blotting out or shearing over the writing to make the original invisible to as an addition.
A

OBLITERATION

42
Q
  • This involves the detection of forgery, erasure, alteration or obliteration of documents intelligent police investigator can detect almost 75% of all forgeries by careful inspection.
A

CRIMINALISTICS EXAMINATION

43
Q

WHERE DOES LIGHT COMING FROM ON OBLITERATION

A

BEHIND

44
Q

DIVISION OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

A

A. CRIMINALISTICS EXAMINATION
B. HANDWRITING INVESTIGATION/ANALYSIS

44
Q

-also known as a HOLOGRAPH

A

HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT

45
Q

-This is more focused in determining the author of writing.

A

HANDWRITING INVESTIGATION/ANALYSIS

45
Q

-a notable British Examiner of questioned documents said that an intelligent police investigator can detect almost 75% of all forgeries by careful inspection of a document with simple magnifiers and measuring tools.

A

DR. WILSON HARRISON

46
Q

DR. WILSON HARRISON
-a notable British Examiner of questioned documents said that an intelligent police investigator can detect almost 75% of all forgeries by careful inspection of a document with

A

simple magnifiers and measuring tools.

47
Q
  • This is work involving the verification of age and worth of a document or object, sometimes done by a document examiner.
A

HISTORICAL DATING

47
Q

-It is a more difficult procedure and requires long study and experience.

A

HANDWRITING INVESTIGATION/ANALYSIS

48
Q
  • A document examiner analyzes any questioned document and is capable of more than just questions of authorship limited only by their access to laboratory equipment.
A

QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINERS

49
Q

–under the ANCIENT DOCUMENT RULE, pag _____ years old na yung document ay hindi na kailangang patunayan

A

more than 30

50
Q

-This is work that often overlaps with that of the documents examiner and focuses on the money trail and criminal intent.

A

FRAUD INVESTIGATORS

51
Q

-These are public. or private experts who date, type, source. and/or catalogue various types of paper, watermarks, ink printing/copy/fax machines, computer cartridges, etc., using chemical methods.

A

PAPER & INK SPECIALISTS

52
Q
  • These are public or private experts who analyze altered, obliterated, changed, or doctored documents and photos using infrared lighting, expensive spectrography equipment, or digital enhancement techniques
A

FORGERY SPECIALISTS

52
Q

-These are usually psychology experts who assess personality traits from handwriting samples

A

HANDWRITING ANALYSTS

53
Q

also called GRAPHOLOGISTS OR GRAPHOANALYSTS.

A

HANDWRITING ANALYSTS

54
Q

refers to the same purpose but by looking at semantics, spelling, word choice, syntax, and phraseology

A

-FORENSIC STYLISTICS

55
Q

-FORENSIC STYLISTICS refers to the same purpose but by looking at semantics, spelling, word choice, syntax, and phraseology

A

HANDWRITING ANALYSTS

56
Q
  • This refers to the art of trying to interpret the character or personality of an individual from his writing.
A

GRAPHOLOGY

57
Q

-This refers to the method of characterizing handwriting by measurement of the proportionate values of the angle and ratio of the heights and widths of letters

A

GRAPHOMETRY

58
Q

IS THERE SIGNATURE THAT IS ALIKE?

A

NO

59
Q
  • These are experts on the origin, make, and model used in typewritten material.
A

TYPEWRITING ANALYSTS

60
Q
  • This is an emerging group that relates to QDE through some common investigative and testimonial procedures.
A

COMPUTER CRIME INVESTIGATORS

61
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

A

(ACE-V Method)
A. ANALYSIS (RECOGNITION)
B. COMPARISON
C. EVALUATION
D. VERIFICATION

62
Q
  • properties or characteristics, observed or measured.
A

ANALYSIS (RECOGNITION)

63
Q

-Properties or characteristics of the unknown determined thought analysis are now compared with the familiar or recorded properties of known items.

A

COMPARISON

64
Q
  • Similarities or dissimilarities in properties or characteristics will each have a certain value for identification, determined by its likelihood of occurrence.
A

EVALUATION

65
Q

-The weight or significance of each must therefore be considered.

A

EVALUATION

66
Q
  • It is the process of double checking the accuracy and correctness of the examination usually conducted by other experts in the said field.
A

VERIFICATION

67
Q

THE CRITERIA OF SCIENTIFIC EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS

A

A. ACCURACY
B. PRECISION

68
Q
  • correspondence between results obtained and the truth
A

ACCURACY

69
Q
  • measure of the consistency of results obtained in repeated study or experimentation
A

PRECISION

70
Q

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS USED IN QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

A

A. MAGNIFYING LENS
B. SHADOWGRAPH
C. STEREOSCOPIC BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE
D. MEASURES AND TEST PLATES/ TRANSPARENT GLASS
E. TABLE LAMPS WITH ADJUSTABLE SHADES (GOOSE NECK LAMPS)
F. TRANSMITTED LIGHT GADGETS
G. ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
H. INFRARED VIEWER
I. COMPARISON MICROSCOPE
J. VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR (VSC)
K. ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION APPARATUS (ESDA)

71
Q
  • Bank personnel and other people involved in currency examinations usually use and ordinary hand-lens, the maximum diameter of which is four inches, and this appears big with its wide frame it has a magnifying power of two times the original only
A

MAGNIFYING LENS

71
Q

of five times or more magnifying power, with built-in-lighting are more useful.

A

MAGNIFYING LENS

72
Q
  • a pictorial image formed by casting a shadow, usually of the hands, amont upon a rightful surface or screen
A

SHADOWGRAPH

72
Q

–amounting to 3000 to 5000

A

SHADOWGRAPH

73
Q

–a.k.a “PROFILE PROJECTOR”

A

SHADOWGRAPH

73
Q

–20 times magnification ang meron

A

SHADOWGRAPH

73
Q

-a tri-dimensional (3D) enlargement is possible

A

STEREOSCOPIC BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE

74
Q
  • those used for signatures and typewritings.
A

MEASURES AND TEST PLATES/ TRANSPARENT GLASS

75
Q

-used for controlled illumination needed in sidelight examination wherein light is placed at a low-angle in a position oblique to plane or document.

A

TABLE LAMPS WITH ADJUSTABLE SHADES (GOOSE NECK LAMPS)

76
Q

(MUTILATION, ALTERATION, CONTAMINATION

A

MAC RULE

77
Q

OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION, LIGHT COMING FROM

A

SIDE

78
Q

TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION, LIGHT COMING FROM?

A

UNDER

79
Q

-has 10 characters (alphabetical and numerical per inch)

A

PICA TYPEWRITER

79
Q

TYPEWRITER MEASUREMENT PLATE

A
  1. PICA TYPEWRITER
  2. ELITE TYPEWRITER
80
Q

-traditional phase

A

PICA TYPEWRITER

81
Q

-Popular, standard style for correspondence and general work.

A

PICA TYPEWRITER

82
Q

-12 characters per inch

A

ELITE TYPEWRITER

83
Q

-Ten characters to the inch.

A

PICA TYPEWRITER

84
Q
  • is used largely for personal correspondence.
A

ELITE TYPEWRITER

85
Q

-Much matter in small space without crowded appearance.

A

ELITE TYPEWRITER

86
Q

-a device where light comes from beneath or behind glass on document is placed

A

TRANSMITTED LIGHT GADGETS

87
Q

-simply light from behind a document.

A

TRANSMITTED LIGHT GADGETS

88
Q

-The document can be laid upon the box and the light from behind the document makes it possible to see details not otherwise visible.

A

TRANSMITTED LIGHT GADGETS

88
Q

-It is used to photograph fingerprints on multi-colored background, documents that are altered chemically or over writings and detection of secret writing

A

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT

88
Q

-This is best provided by a light box which has a color corrected fluorescent type light bulb.

A

TRANSMITTED LIGHT GADGETS

89
Q

-used in detection of counterfeited bills but can actually be used to detect security features of qualified document

A

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT

90
Q

-primarily used to decipher writings in a charred document.

A

INFRARED VIEWER

91
Q

-Obliterated writing, burnt, or dirty documents

A

INFRARED VIEWER

92
Q

–700 to 800 millimeter

A

INFRARED VIEWER

93
Q

– the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.

–side by side EXAMINATION

A

JUXTA POSITION

94
Q

-is used in the examination of masked or obliterated text, watermarks, visible fluorescence, paper fluorescence and oblique illumination of indented writing and embossing.

A

VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR (VSC)

94
Q

-It is a comprehensive imaging device.

A

VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR (VSC)

94
Q

–no need ng IR and UV dahil naka-built in na siya dito

A

VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR (VSC)

95
Q

-it enables forensic document examiners to analyze, compare and distinguish between different inks and papers, reveal alteratións on a document, identily obliterated entries, identify instances of page substitution, and visualize hidden security printing features.

A

VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR (VSC)

96
Q
  • The device that can detect indention or indented witings that can records transparencies of any indentations.
A

ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION APPARATUS (ESDA)

97
Q

-It is a piece of equipment commonly used in questioned document examination, to reveal indented impressions on paper which may otherwise go unnoticed.

A

ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION APPARATUS (ESDA)

98
Q
  • It is a nondestructive technique (will not damage the evidence in question) thus allowing further test to be carried out.
A

ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION APPARATUS (ESDA)

99
Q

-It is a sensitive technique and has been known to detect the presence of fresh fingerprints

A

ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION APPARATUS (ESDA)

99
Q

-It is used to detect and to assist in the decipherment of indented impressions of handwriting on paper.

A

ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION APPARATUS (ESDA)

100
Q
  • Any examination or study which is made with the microscope to discover minute physical details.
A

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

100
Q

with low and high-power objectives is used to detect retouching, patching and unnatural pen-ift in signature analysis.

A

Stereoscopic examination

100
Q

TECHNIQUES IN THE EXAMINATION OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENT

A

A. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
B. TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION
C. OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION
D. PHOTOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
E. ULTRAVIOLET EXAMINATION
F. INFRARED EXAMINATION

101
Q

-With proper angle and intensity or illumination, it aids in overall the decipherment of erasures, some minute manipulations not perfectly pictured to picture of the unaided eye and the sequence of entries done by different writing instruments.

A

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

101
Q
  • Stereoscopic examination with low and high-power objectives is used to detect retouching, patching and unnatural pen-ift in signature analysis.
A

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

102
Q

–10 times magnification

A

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

102
Q

-Documents are subjected to this type of examination to determine the presence of erasures, matching of serrations and some other types of alterations.

A

TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION

102
Q
  • In this examination, the document is viewed with the source of illumination behind it and the light passing through the paper.
A

TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION

103
Q

are subjected to this type of examination to determine the presence of erasures, matching of serrations and some other types of alterations.

A

DocumentS

104
Q
  • An examination with the illumination so controlled that it grazes or strikes the surface of the document from one side at a very low angle Decipherment of faded handwriting, determination of outlines in traced forgery, embossed impressions, etc. are subjected to this type of examination.
A

OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION

105
Q
  • This type of examination is very essential in every document examination
A

PHOTOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

106
Q

-Actual observation are recorded in the photographs

A

PHOTOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

107
Q

-Ultraviolet radiation is invisible and occurs in the wavelengths just below the visible blue-violet end of the spectrum (rainbow).

A

ULTRAVIOLET EXAMINATION

108
Q
  • These visible rays react on some substances so that visible light is reflected, a phenomenon known as
A

FLOURESCENCE

108
Q
  • These visible rays react on some substances so that visible light is reflected, a phenomenon known as FLOURESCENCE
A

ULTRAVIOLET EXAMINATION

109
Q

-This type of examination is done in a darkroom after the lamp has been warmed up to give a maximum output of the ultra-violet light

A

ULTRAVIOLET EXAMINATION

109
Q
  • Exposure to the ultra-violet light should be to the minimum duration in order to avoid fading of attentin some writing ink and typewriter ribbon.
A

ULTRAVIOLET EXAMINATION

110
Q
  • _____ to the ultra-violet light should be to the minimum duration in order to avoid fading of attentin some writing ink and typewriter ribbon.
A

Exposure

111
Q

-________ is invisible and occurs in the wavelengths just below the visible blue-violet end of the spectrum (rainbow).

A

Ultraviolet radiation

111
Q
  • This examination of documents employs invisible radiation beyond the red portion of the visible spectrum (rainbow) which is usually recorded on a specially sensitized photographic emulsion.
A

INFRARED EXAMINATION

112
Q

–show details creating shadows on the surface

A

OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION

FORENSIC 4 (7 decks)

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