CHAPTER 3 Flashcards
1
Q
-Any material containing marks, symbols, or signs either visible, partially visible that may present or ultimately convey a meaning to someone, maybe in the form of pencil, ink writing, typewriting, or printing on paper
A
DOCUMENT
2
Q
applies writings: to words printed, lithographed, or photographed; to maps or plans; to seals, plates, or even stones on which inscriptions are cut or engraved.
A
DOCUMENT
3
Q
may mean deeds, agreements, title, letters, receipts, and other written instruments used to prove a fact
A
DOCUMENT
4
Q
- Latin word “DOCUMENTUM’, means “lesson or example” while in Medieval Latin “instruction or paper” or
A
DOCUMENT
5
Q
-French word “DOCERE” means “to teach”
A
DOCUMENT
6
Q
means “lesson or example” while in Medieval Latin “instruction or paper” or
A
“DOCUMENTUM’,
6
Q
means “to teach”
A
“DOCERE”
7
Q
- _____ word “DOCUMENTUM’, means “lesson or example” while in Medieval Latin “instruction or paper” or
A
Latin
8
Q
-____ word “DOCERE” means “to teach”
A
French
9
Q
-A term used by some document examiners and attorneys to characterize known material.
A
EXEMPLAR
9
Q
- One in which the facts appearing therein may not be true and are contested either in whole or part with respect to its authenticity, identity, or origin.
A
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
9
Q
- A term suggesting that there is an argument or controversy over, the document, and strictly speaking this is true meaning.
A
DISPUTED DOCUMENT
9
Q
-Any material which some issue has been raised or which is under scrutiny
A
QUESTIONED
10
Q
means under investigation
A
scrutiny
11
Q
-It may be a deed, contract, will, election ballots, marriage contract, check, visas, application form, check writer, certificates, etc
A
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
12
Q
are used interchangeably to signify a document that is under special scrutiny.
A
disputed document” and “questioned document”
12
Q
-In this text, as well as through prior usage, however, ________ and “questioned document” are used interchangeably to signify a document that is under special scrutiny.
A
DISPUTED DOCUMENT
13
Q
KINDS OF DOCUMENT
A
- PUBLIC DOCUMENT
- OFFICIAL DOCUMENT
- PRIVATE DOCUMENT
- COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT
13
Q
any document completely written and signed by one person also known as a
A
HOLOGRAPH
13
Q
-Are condensed and compact set of authentic specimens which, if adequate and proper, should contain a cross section of the material from a known source
A
STANDARD (STANDARD DOCUMENT)
13
Q
- any document completely written and signed by one person also known as a HOLOGRAPH
A
HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT
13
Q
collections of typewriting, check writing specimens, inks, pens, pencils, and papers are frequently maintained.
A
REFERENCE COLLECTION
13
Q
-in a number of jurisdictions, a holographic will can be probated without anyone having witnessed its execution
A
HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT
13
Q
-Standard is the older term
A
EXEMPLAR
13
Examples: Birth certificate issued by PSA, Marriage certificate issued by the registrar of the municipality
OFFICIAL DOCUMENT
13
-notarized by a notary public or competent public official with solemnities required by law. (Cacnio vs.Baens, 5 Phil. 742)
PUBLIC DOCUMENT
14
- Material compiled and organized by the document examiner to assist him in answering special questions.
REFERENCE COLLECTION
14
-issued by the government or its agents or its officers having the authority to do so and the offices, which in accordance with their creation, they are authorized to issue and be issued in the performance of their duties
OFFICIAL DOCUMENT
15
- executed by a private person without the intervention of a notary public or of any person legally authorized, by which documents, some disposition or public or agreement is proved, evidenced, or set forth (US vs Orera, 11 Phil. 596).
PRIVATE DOCUMENT
16
-executed in accordance with the Code of Commerce or any Mercantile Law, containing disposition of commercial rights or obligations.
COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT
17
-is considered the landmark law in the history of the Philippines since it has placed the Philippines among the countries penalizing cybercrime (June 14, 2000)
REPUBLIC ACT 8792
18
- exist only in electronic form such as data stored on a computer, network, back-up, archive, or other storage media.
ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT (E-DOCUMENT)
18
-Examples of documents subjects to e-discovery are e-mails, instant message, e-calendars, audio files, data on handheld devices, animation, metadata, graphics, photographs, spreadsheets, websites, drawings, and other types of digital data. (Governed by RA 8792)
ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT (E-DOCUMENT)
19
-Likewise, the Supreme Court drafter the RULES ON ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE which took effect on August 1, 2000 to emphasize the admissibility of evidence in electronic form, subject to its authenticity and reliability
REPUBLIC ACT 8792
20
- Any matter made a part of the document after its original preparation may be referred to as addition
ADDITION
20
--a.k.a "ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACT OF 2000"
REPUBLIC ACT 8792
21
-Likewise, the Supreme Court drafter the RULES ON ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE which took effect on __________ to emphasize the admissibility of evidence in electronic form, subject to its authenticity and reliability
August 1, 2000
22
--its kinds is: INSERTION OR INTERLINEATION
ADDITION
23
-A scientific ______ results from relating observed facts by logical, common sense reasoning in accordance with established rules or laws.
CONCLUSION
24
is not admissible in court however in every general rule there is an exemption which is the ORDINARY WITNESS with sufficient familiarity over handwriting
OPINION
24
-Document examiners are often referred to as ___________________ but today the work has outgrown this latter title and involves other problems than merely the examination of handwriting.
HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION EXPERTS
25
-The document examiners conclusion, in legal term is referred to as
OPINIONS
26
-One who studies scientifically the details and elements of documents to identify their source or to discover other facts concerning them
DOCUMENT EXAMINER
27
LIGHT COME FROM ON THE ABRASIVE ERASURE WHERE?
SIDE
27
- The removal of writings, typewriting or printing, from a document is an erasure.
ERASURE
27
-in which the writing is removed or bleached by Mechanical or chemical agents (e.g., liquid ink eradicator); and
CHEMICAL ERADICATION
27
-It maybe accomplished by either of two means:
1.CHEMICAL ERADICATION
2. ABRASIVE ERASURE/ MECHANICAL ERASURE
ERASURE
28
- the writing is effaced by rubbing with a rubber eraser or scratching out with a knife or other sharp with implement
ABRASIVE ERASURE/ MECHANICAL ERASURE
29
-Various types are undertaken, including microscopic, visual photographic, chemical, ultraviolet, and infra-red examination
EXAMINATION
29
-It is the act of making a close and critical study of any material and with questioned documents, it is the process necessary to about them.
EXAMINATION
30
- A legal term used to describe a witness who by reason of his special training or experience is permitted to express an opinion regarding the issue, or a certain aspect of the issue, which is involved in court action.
EXPERT WITNESS
31
-His purpose is to interpret technical information in his particular specialty in order to assist the court in administering justice.
EXPERT WITNESS
32
-Generally, not regarded as conclusive, but purely advisory in character
SECTION 49: OPINION OF EXPERT WITNESSES
32
-The document examiner testifies in court as an
EXPERT WITNESS
33
-The opinion of a witness on a matter requiring special knowledge, skill, experience or training which he shown to possess, may be received in evidence
SECTION 49: OPINION OF EXPERT WITNESSES
33
-The opinion of witness is not admissible, except in the following sections:
SECTION 48
34
-Courts are not bound by the experts findings
SECTION 49: OPINION OF EXPERT WITNESSES
35
-Courts are not bound by the experts findings
-Generally, not regarded as conclusive, but purely ______
advisory in character
36
-The professional experience, education, and ability of a document examiner before he is permitted to testify as an expert witness, the court must rule that he is qualified in his field.
QUALIFICATION
37
- In legal language, it refers to the document examiner's conclusion.
OPINION/CONCLUSION
38
-In Court, he is not only expressing an opinion but demonstrate the reasons for arriving to it.
OPINION/CONCLUSION
39
- Material compiled and organized by the document examiner to assist him in answering special questions.
REFERENCE COLLECTION
40
collections of typewriting, check writing specimens, inks, pens, pencils, and papers are frequently maintained.
REFERENCE COLLECTION
40
include the addition of writing and other material between lines or paragraphs
INTERLINEATION
41
- as used in this text it means that the source or authorship of the compared questioned and standard specimens is different.
NON-IDENTIFICATION (NON-IDENTIFICATION)
41
--a.k.a “OVER A WRITING”
OBLITERATION
41
the addition of whole page to a document
INSERTION
42
- the blotting out or shearing over the writing to make the original invisible to as an addition.
OBLITERATION
42
- This involves the detection of forgery, erasure, alteration or obliteration of documents intelligent police investigator can detect almost 75% of all forgeries by careful inspection.
CRIMINALISTICS EXAMINATION
43
WHERE DOES LIGHT COMING FROM ON OBLITERATION
BEHIND
44
DIVISION OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
A. CRIMINALISTICS EXAMINATION
B. HANDWRITING INVESTIGATION/ANALYSIS
44
-also known as a HOLOGRAPH
HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT
45
-This is more focused in determining the author of writing.
HANDWRITING INVESTIGATION/ANALYSIS
45
-a notable British Examiner of questioned documents said that an intelligent police investigator can detect almost 75% of all forgeries by careful inspection of a document with simple magnifiers and measuring tools.
DR. WILSON HARRISON
46
DR. WILSON HARRISON
-a notable British Examiner of questioned documents said that an intelligent police investigator can detect almost 75% of all forgeries by careful inspection of a document with
simple magnifiers and measuring tools.
47
- This is work involving the verification of age and worth of a document or object, sometimes done by a document examiner.
HISTORICAL DATING
47
-It is a more difficult procedure and requires long study and experience.
HANDWRITING INVESTIGATION/ANALYSIS
48
- A document examiner analyzes any questioned document and is capable of more than just questions of authorship limited only by their access to laboratory equipment.
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINERS
49
--under the ANCIENT DOCUMENT RULE, pag _____ years old na yung document ay hindi na kailangang patunayan
more than 30
50
-This is work that often overlaps with that of the documents examiner and focuses on the money trail and criminal intent.
FRAUD INVESTIGATORS
51
-These are public. or private experts who date, type, source. and/or catalogue various types of paper, watermarks, ink printing/copy/fax machines, computer cartridges, etc., using chemical methods.
PAPER & INK SPECIALISTS
52
- These are public or private experts who analyze altered, obliterated, changed, or doctored documents and photos using infrared lighting, expensive spectrography equipment, or digital enhancement techniques
FORGERY SPECIALISTS
52
-These are usually psychology experts who assess personality traits from handwriting samples
HANDWRITING ANALYSTS
53
also called GRAPHOLOGISTS OR GRAPHOANALYSTS.
HANDWRITING ANALYSTS
54
refers to the same purpose but by looking at semantics, spelling, word choice, syntax, and phraseology
-FORENSIC STYLISTICS
55
-FORENSIC STYLISTICS refers to the same purpose but by looking at semantics, spelling, word choice, syntax, and phraseology
HANDWRITING ANALYSTS
56
- This refers to the art of trying to interpret the character or personality of an individual from his writing.
GRAPHOLOGY
57
-This refers to the method of characterizing handwriting by measurement of the proportionate values of the angle and ratio of the heights and widths of letters
GRAPHOMETRY
58
IS THERE SIGNATURE THAT IS ALIKE?
NO
59
- These are experts on the origin, make, and model used in typewritten material.
TYPEWRITING ANALYSTS
60
- This is an emerging group that relates to QDE through some common investigative and testimonial procedures.
COMPUTER CRIME INVESTIGATORS
61
SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
(ACE-V Method)
A. ANALYSIS (RECOGNITION)
B. COMPARISON
C. EVALUATION
D. VERIFICATION
62
- properties or characteristics, observed or measured.
ANALYSIS (RECOGNITION)
63
-Properties or characteristics of the unknown determined thought analysis are now compared with the familiar or recorded properties of known items.
COMPARISON
64
- Similarities or dissimilarities in properties or characteristics will each have a certain value for identification, determined by its likelihood of occurrence.
EVALUATION
65
-The weight or significance of each must therefore be considered.
EVALUATION
66
- It is the process of double checking the accuracy and correctness of the examination usually conducted by other experts in the said field.
VERIFICATION
67
THE CRITERIA OF SCIENTIFIC EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS
A. ACCURACY
B. PRECISION
68
- correspondence between results obtained and the truth
ACCURACY
69
- measure of the consistency of results obtained in repeated study or experimentation
PRECISION
70
INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS USED IN QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
A. MAGNIFYING LENS
B. SHADOWGRAPH
C. STEREOSCOPIC BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE
D. MEASURES AND TEST PLATES/ TRANSPARENT GLASS
E. TABLE LAMPS WITH ADJUSTABLE SHADES (GOOSE NECK LAMPS)
F. TRANSMITTED LIGHT GADGETS
G. ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
H. INFRARED VIEWER
I. COMPARISON MICROSCOPE
J. VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR (VSC)
K. ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION APPARATUS (ESDA)
71
- Bank personnel and other people involved in currency examinations usually use and ordinary hand-lens, the maximum diameter of which is four inches, and this appears big with its wide frame it has a magnifying power of two times the original only
MAGNIFYING LENS
71
of five times or more magnifying power, with built-in-lighting are more useful.
MAGNIFYING LENS
72
- a pictorial image formed by casting a shadow, usually of the hands, amont upon a rightful surface or screen
SHADOWGRAPH
72
--amounting to 3000 to 5000
SHADOWGRAPH
73
--a.k.a “PROFILE PROJECTOR”
SHADOWGRAPH
73
--20 times magnification ang meron
SHADOWGRAPH
73
-a tri-dimensional (3D) enlargement is possible
STEREOSCOPIC BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE
74
- those used for signatures and typewritings.
MEASURES AND TEST PLATES/ TRANSPARENT GLASS
75
-used for controlled illumination needed in sidelight examination wherein light is placed at a low-angle in a position oblique to plane or document.
TABLE LAMPS WITH ADJUSTABLE SHADES (GOOSE NECK LAMPS)
76
(MUTILATION, ALTERATION, CONTAMINATION
MAC RULE
77
OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION, LIGHT COMING FROM
SIDE
78
TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION, LIGHT COMING FROM?
UNDER
79
-has 10 characters (alphabetical and numerical per inch)
PICA TYPEWRITER
79
TYPEWRITER MEASUREMENT PLATE
1. PICA TYPEWRITER
2. ELITE TYPEWRITER
80
-traditional phase
PICA TYPEWRITER
81
-Popular, standard style for correspondence and general work.
PICA TYPEWRITER
82
-12 characters per inch
ELITE TYPEWRITER
83
-Ten characters to the inch.
PICA TYPEWRITER
84
- is used largely for personal correspondence.
ELITE TYPEWRITER
85
-Much matter in small space without crowded appearance.
ELITE TYPEWRITER
86
-a device where light comes from beneath or behind glass on document is placed
TRANSMITTED LIGHT GADGETS
87
-simply light from behind a document.
TRANSMITTED LIGHT GADGETS
88
-The document can be laid upon the box and the light from behind the document makes it possible to see details not otherwise visible.
TRANSMITTED LIGHT GADGETS
88
-It is used to photograph fingerprints on multi-colored background, documents that are altered chemically or over writings and detection of secret writing
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
88
-This is best provided by a light box which has a color corrected fluorescent type light bulb.
TRANSMITTED LIGHT GADGETS
89
-used in detection of counterfeited bills but can actually be used to detect security features of qualified document
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
90
-primarily used to decipher writings in a charred document.
INFRARED VIEWER
91
-Obliterated writing, burnt, or dirty documents
INFRARED VIEWER
92
--700 to 800 millimeter
INFRARED VIEWER
93
-- the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.
--side by side EXAMINATION
JUXTA POSITION
94
-is used in the examination of masked or obliterated text, watermarks, visible fluorescence, paper fluorescence and oblique illumination of indented writing and embossing.
VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR (VSC)
94
-It is a comprehensive imaging device.
VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR (VSC)
94
--no need ng IR and UV dahil naka-built in na siya dito
VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR (VSC)
95
-it enables forensic document examiners to analyze, compare and distinguish between different inks and papers, reveal alteratións on a document, identily obliterated entries, identify instances of page substitution, and visualize hidden security printing features.
VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR (VSC)
96
- The device that can detect indention or indented witings that can records transparencies of any indentations.
ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION APPARATUS (ESDA)
97
-It is a piece of equipment commonly used in questioned document examination, to reveal indented impressions on paper which may otherwise go unnoticed.
ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION APPARATUS (ESDA)
98
- It is a nondestructive technique (will not damage the evidence in question) thus allowing further test to be carried out.
ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION APPARATUS (ESDA)
99
-It is a sensitive technique and has been known to detect the presence of fresh fingerprints
ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION APPARATUS (ESDA)
99
-It is used to detect and to assist in the decipherment of indented impressions of handwriting on paper.
ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION APPARATUS (ESDA)
100
- Any examination or study which is made with the microscope to discover minute physical details.
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
100
with low and high-power objectives is used to detect retouching, patching and unnatural pen-ift in signature analysis.
Stereoscopic examination
100
TECHNIQUES IN THE EXAMINATION OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
A. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
B. TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION
C. OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION
D. PHOTOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
E. ULTRAVIOLET EXAMINATION
F. INFRARED EXAMINATION
101
-With proper angle and intensity or illumination, it aids in overall the decipherment of erasures, some minute manipulations not perfectly pictured to picture of the unaided eye and the sequence of entries done by different writing instruments.
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
101
- Stereoscopic examination with low and high-power objectives is used to detect retouching, patching and unnatural pen-ift in signature analysis.
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
102
--10 times magnification
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
102
-Documents are subjected to this type of examination to determine the presence of erasures, matching of serrations and some other types of alterations.
TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION
102
- In this examination, the document is viewed with the source of illumination behind it and the light passing through the paper.
TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION
103
are subjected to this type of examination to determine the presence of erasures, matching of serrations and some other types of alterations.
DocumentS
104
- An examination with the illumination so controlled that it grazes or strikes the surface of the document from one side at a very low angle Decipherment of faded handwriting, determination of outlines in traced forgery, embossed impressions, etc. are subjected to this type of examination.
OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION
105
- This type of examination is very essential in every document examination
PHOTOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
106
-Actual observation are recorded in the photographs
PHOTOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
107
-Ultraviolet radiation is invisible and occurs in the wavelengths just below the visible blue-violet end of the spectrum (rainbow).
ULTRAVIOLET EXAMINATION
108
- These visible rays react on some substances so that visible light is reflected, a phenomenon known as
FLOURESCENCE
108
- These visible rays react on some substances so that visible light is reflected, a phenomenon known as FLOURESCENCE
ULTRAVIOLET EXAMINATION
109
-This type of examination is done in a darkroom after the lamp has been warmed up to give a maximum output of the ultra-violet light
ULTRAVIOLET EXAMINATION
109
- Exposure to the ultra-violet light should be to the minimum duration in order to avoid fading of attentin some writing ink and typewriter ribbon.
ULTRAVIOLET EXAMINATION
110
- _____ to the ultra-violet light should be to the minimum duration in order to avoid fading of attentin some writing ink and typewriter ribbon.
Exposure
111
-________ is invisible and occurs in the wavelengths just below the visible blue-violet end of the spectrum (rainbow).
Ultraviolet radiation
111
- This examination of documents employs invisible radiation beyond the red portion of the visible spectrum (rainbow) which is usually recorded on a specially sensitized photographic emulsion.
INFRARED EXAMINATION
112
–show details creating shadows on the surface
OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION
