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chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

dependent variable

A

In an experimental research study, the phenomenon that is measured and expected to be influenced.

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2
Q

independent variable

A

Phenomenon that is manipulated by the experimenter in a research study and expected to influence the dependent variable.

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3
Q

Internal validity

A

Extent to which the results of a research study can be attributed to the independent variable after confounding alternative explanation

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4
Q

External validity

A

Extent to which research study findings generalize, or apply, to people and settings not involved in the study.

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5
Q

testability

A

Ability of a hypothesis, for example, to be subjected to scientific scrutiny and to be accepted or rejected, a necessary condition for the hypothesis to be useful.

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6
Q

confound

A

Any factor occurring in a research study that makes the results uninterpretable because its effects cannot be separated from those of the variables being studied.

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7
Q

control group

A

Group of individuals in a research study who are similar to the experimental subjects in every way but are not exposed to the treatment received by the experimental group; their presence allows for a comparison of the differential effects of the treatment.

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8
Q

Analogue models

A

Approaches to research that use subjects who are similar to clinical clients, allowing replication of a clinical problem under controlled conditions.

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8
Q

Randomization

A

Method for placing individuals into research groups that assures each one of an equal chance of being assigned to any group, to eliminate any systematic differences across groups.

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9
Q

generalizability

A

Extent to which research results apply to a range of individuals not included in the study.

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10
Q

statistical significance

A

Probability that obtaining the observed research findings merely by chance is small.

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11
Q

clinical significance

A

Degree to which research findings have useful and meaningful applications to real problems.

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12
Q

patient uniformity myth

A

Tendency to consider all members of a category as more similar than they are, ignoring their individual differences

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13
Q

In a treatment study, the introduction of the treatment to the participants is referred to as the

A

independent variable

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13
Q

After the treatment study was completed, you found that many people in the control group received treatment outside of the study. This is called a

A

confound

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14
Q

A researcher’s guess about what a study might find is labelled the

A

hypothesis

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15
Q

Scores on a depression scale improved for a treatment group after therapy. The change in these scores would be referred to as a change in the

A

dependent variable

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16
Q

correlation

A

Degree to which two variables are associated. In a positive correlation, the two variables increase or decrease together; in a negative correlation, one variable decreases as the other increases.

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17
Q

positive correlation

A

Association between two variables in which one increases as the other increases

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18
Q

negative correlation

A

Association between two variables in which one increases as the other decreases.

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19
Q

correlation coefficient

A

Computed statistic reflecting the strength and direction of any association between two variables. It can range from +1.XXX through zero (indicating no association) to −1.XXX, with the absolute value indicating the strength, and the sign reflecting the direction.

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20
Q

epidemiology

A

Psychopathology research method examining the prevalence, distribution, and consequences of disorders in populations.

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21
Q

placebo control groups

A

In outcome experiments, control groups that do not receive the experimental manipulation but are given a similar procedure with an identical expectation of change, allowing the researcher to assess any placebo effect.

22
Q

comparative treatment research

A

Outcome research that contrasts two or more treatment methods to determine

23
Q

single-case experimental designs

A

Research tactic in which an independent variable is manipulated for a single individual, allowing cause-and-effect conclusions, but with limited generalizability (contrast with case study method).

24
Q

repeated measurement

A

When responses are measured on more than two occasions (not just before and after intervention) to assess trends.

25
Q

genotypes

A

Specific genetic makeup of individuals.

25
Q

phenotypes

A

Observable characteristics or behaviours of individuals.

26
Q

endophenotypes

A

Genetic mechanisms that contribute to the underlying problems causing the symptoms and difficulties experienced by people with psychological disorders

27
Q

proband

A

in genetics research, the individual displaying the trait or characteristic being studied. Also known as index case

28
Q

A researcher wants to investigate the hypothesis that children listen to louder music as they go through adolescence

A

correlation

28
Q

A researcher changes the level of noise several times to see how it affects concentration in a group of people

A

experiment

29
Q

A group of researchers uses chance assignment to include participants in one of two treatment groups and uses published protocols to make sure treatment is applied uniformly

A

randomized clinical trials

30
Q

A researcher is interested in studying a woman who had no contact with civilization and created her own language

A

case study

31
Q

A researcher wants to know how different kinds of music will affect a five-year-old who has never spoken

A

single-case experimental design

32
Q

adoption studies

A

In genetics research, the study of first-degree relatives reared in different families and environments. If they share common characteristics, such as a disorder, this finding suggests that those characteristics have a genetic component.

33
Q

genetic linkage analysis

A

Studies that seek to match the inheritance pattern of a disorder to that of a genetic marker; this helps researchers establish the location of the gene responsible for the disorder

34
Q

genetic markers

A

Inherited characteristic for which the chromosomal location of the responsible gene is known.

35
Q

association studies

A

Research strategies for comparing genetic markers in groups of people with and without a particular disorder.

36
Q

cross-sectional design

A

Methodology to examine a characteristic by comparing different individuals of different ages. Contrast with longitudinal design.

37
Q

cohorts

A

Participants in each age group of a cross-sectional research study.

38
Q

retrospective information

A

Literally “the view back,” data collected by examining records or recollections of the past. It is limited by the accuracy, validity, and thoroughness of the sources.

39
Q

longitudinal designs

A

Systematic study of changes in the same individual or group examined over time.

40
Q

cross-generational effect

A

Limit to the generalizability of longitudinal research because the group under study may differ from others in culture and experience.

41
Q

sequential design

A

Combination of the cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods involving repeated study of different cohorts over time.

42
Q

Shows individual development

A

longitudinal design

43
Q

easiser

A

cross-sectional desigh

44
Q

no cohort effects

A

longitudinal designs

45
Q

Cohort effects

A

cross-sectional desigh

46
Q

Cross-generational effect

A

longitudinal desigh

47
Q

no indiviual development data

A

cross sectional

48
Q

After the nature of the experiment and their roles in it are disclosed to the participants, they must be allowed to refuse or agree to sign an informed consent form.

A

true

49
Q

If the participant is in the control group or taking a placebo, informed consent is not needed.

A

false

50
Q

Research ethics boards want to know whether or not the proposed participants lack the cognitive skills to provide informed consent.

A

true

51
Q

Participants have a right to conceal their identities on all data collected and reported.

A

true

52
Q

When deception is essential to the research, participants do not have to be debriefed regarding the true purpose of the study.

A

false

53
Q
A

psych 257 (6 decks)

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