chapter 1 Flashcards
psychological disorder
Psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.
What is unexpectedness?
An unexpected response to environmental stressors
– Out of proportion to what is expected
Psychological Dysfunction
Psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.
Psychopathology
Scientific study of psychological disorders.
presenting problem
Original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. The actual treated problem may sometimes be a modification derived from the presenting problem.
scientist-practitioners
Mental health professionals who are expected to apply scientific methods to their work. They must keep current in the latest research on diagnosis and treatment, they must evaluate their own methods for effectiveness, and they may generate their own research to discover new knowledge of disorders and their treatment.
prevalence
Number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time (compare with incidence).
lifetime prevalence
Number of people in the population who have ever had the disorder.
incidence
Number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific time period (compare with prevalence).
prognosis
Predicted future development of a disorder over time.
Etiology
Cause or source of a disorder.
Maria should recover quickly with no intervention necessary. Without treatment, David will deteriorate rapidly.
prognosis
Three new cases of bulimia have been reported in this town during the past month and only one in the next town.
incidence
Biological, psychological, and social influences all contribute to a variety of disorders
etiology
Elizabeth visited the campus mental health centre because of her increasing feelings of guilt and anxiety.presenting problem
presenting problem
The pattern a disorder follows can be chronic, time limited, or episodic
course
How many people in the population as a whole have obsessive-compulsive disorder?
prevalence
Supernatural causes; evil demons took over the victims’ bodies and controlled their behaviours
exorcism
The humoral theory reflected the belief that normal functioning of the brain required a balance of four bodily fluids, or humors
bloodletting; induced vomiting
Maladaptive behaviour was caused by poor social and cultural influences within the environment.
patient placed in socially facilitative environments
psychosocial
Social and cultural factors (such as family experience) and psychological influences.
mental hygiene movement
Mid-20th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment.
moral therapy
Nineteenth-century psychosocial approach to treatment that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments.
intrapsychic conflicts
In psychoanalysis, the struggles among the id, ego, and superego.
In psychoanalysis, the struggles among the id, ego, and superego.
intrapsychic conflicts
defence mechanisms
Common patterns of behaviour, often adaptive coping styles when they occur in moderation, observed in response to particular situations. In psychoanalysis, these are thought to be unconscious processes originating in the ego.
psychosexual stages of development
In psychoanalysis, the sequence of phases a person passes through during development. Each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at that time
Self-actualizing
Process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences.
person-centred therapy
Therapy method in which the client, rather than the counsellor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility.
behavioural model
Explanation of human behaviour, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.
Unconditional positive regard
Acceptance by the counsellor of the client’s feelings and actions without judgment or condemnation.
introspection
Early, nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked.
Early, nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked.
Behavioural therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation.
behaviour therapy
Array of therapy methods based on the principles of behavioural and cognitive science and principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviours rather than inferred conflict as legitimate targets for change.
Treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible and encouraging social interaction and relationship development
moral therapy
Hypnosis, free association, and dream analysis, and balance of the id, ego, and superego
psychoanalytic theory
Person-centred therapy with unconditional positive regard
humanistic theory
Classical conditioning, systematic desensitization, and operant conditioning
behavioural model
Hippocrates (460-377 BCE)
Abnormal psychological and physical disturbances caused by alterations in the body NOT supernatural forces
– brain injury & heredity as a cause
– Viewed psychological disorders like any disease
What is the influential legacy of the Hippocratic-Galenic approach?
The humoral theory of disorders
Bloodletting
belief or practice of draining a quantity of blood to cure illness or disease
– often with leeches
Three major facets of Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
- Structure of the mind
- Defence mechanisms
- Stages of early Psychosexual development
