chapter 1

Question 1

psychological disorder

Answer 1

Psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.

Question 2

What is unexpectedness?

Answer 2

An unexpected response to environmental stressors
– Out of proportion to what is expected

Question 3

Psychological Dysfunction

Answer 3

Psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.

Question 4

Psychopathology

Answer 4

Scientific study of psychological disorders.

Question 5

presenting problem

Answer 5

Original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. The actual treated problem may sometimes be a modification derived from the presenting problem.

Question 5

scientist-practitioners

Answer 5

Mental health professionals who are expected to apply scientific methods to their work. They must keep current in the latest research on diagnosis and treatment, they must evaluate their own methods for effectiveness, and they may generate their own research to discover new knowledge of disorders and their treatment.

Question 6

prevalence

Answer 6

Number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time (compare with incidence).

Question 7

lifetime prevalence

Answer 7

Number of people in the population who have ever had the disorder.

Question 8

incidence

Answer 8

Number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific time period (compare with prevalence).

Question 9

prognosis

Answer 9

Predicted future development of a disorder over time.

Question 10

Etiology

Answer 10

Cause or source of a disorder.

Question 11

Maria should recover quickly with no intervention necessary. Without treatment, David will deteriorate rapidly.

Answer 11

prognosis

Question 12

Three new cases of bulimia have been reported in this town during the past month and only one in the next town.

Answer 12

incidence

Question 13

Biological, psychological, and social influences all contribute to a variety of disorders

Answer 13

etiology

Question 13

Elizabeth visited the campus mental health centre because of her increasing feelings of guilt and anxiety.presenting problem

Answer 13

presenting problem

Question 14

The pattern a disorder follows can be chronic, time limited, or episodic

Answer 14

course

Question 15

How many people in the population as a whole have obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Answer 15

prevalence

Question 16

Supernatural causes; evil demons took over the victims’ bodies and controlled their behaviours

Answer 16

exorcism

Question 17

The humoral theory reflected the belief that normal functioning of the brain required a balance of four bodily fluids, or humors

Answer 17

bloodletting; induced vomiting

Question 19

Maladaptive behaviour was caused by poor social and cultural influences within the environment.

Answer 19

patient placed in socially facilitative environments

Question 20

psychosocial

Answer 20

Social and cultural factors (such as family experience) and psychological influences.

Question 21

mental hygiene movement

Answer 21

Mid-20th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment.

Question 22

moral therapy

Answer 22

Nineteenth-century psychosocial approach to treatment that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments.

Question 23

intrapsychic conflicts

Answer 23

In psychoanalysis, the struggles among the id, ego, and superego.

Question 24

In psychoanalysis, the struggles among the id, ego, and superego.

Answer 24

intrapsychic conflicts

Question 25

defence mechanisms

Answer 25

Common patterns of behaviour, often adaptive coping styles when they occur in moderation, observed in response to particular situations. In psychoanalysis, these are thought to be unconscious processes originating in the ego.

Question 26

psychosexual stages of development

Answer 26

In psychoanalysis, the sequence of phases a person passes through during development. Each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at that time

Question 27

Self-actualizing

Answer 27

Process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences.

Question 28

person-centred therapy

Answer 28

Therapy method in which the client, rather than the counsellor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility.

Question 29

behavioural model

Answer 29

Explanation of human behaviour, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.

Question 30

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 30

Acceptance by the counsellor of the client’s feelings and actions without judgment or condemnation.

Question 31

introspection

Answer 31

Early, nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked.

Question 32

Early, nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked.

Answer 32

Behavioural therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation.

Question 33

behaviour therapy

Answer 33

Array of therapy methods based on the principles of behavioural and cognitive science and principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviours rather than inferred conflict as legitimate targets for change.

Question 34

Treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible and encouraging social interaction and relationship development

Answer 34

moral therapy

Question 35

Hypnosis, free association, and dream analysis, and balance of the id, ego, and superego

Answer 35

psychoanalytic theory

Question 36

Person-centred therapy with unconditional positive regard

Answer 36

humanistic theory

Question 37

Classical conditioning, systematic desensitization, and operant conditioning

Answer 37

behavioural model

Question 38

Hippocrates (460-377 BCE)

Answer 38

Abnormal psychological and physical disturbances caused by alterations in the body NOT supernatural forces
– brain injury & heredity as a cause
– Viewed psychological disorders like any disease

Question 39

What is the influential legacy of the Hippocratic-Galenic approach?

Answer 39

The humoral theory of disorders

Question 40

Bloodletting

Answer 40

belief or practice of draining a quantity of blood to cure illness or disease
– often with leeches

Question 41

Three major facets of Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 41

1. Structure of the mind
2. Defence mechanisms
3. Stages of early Psychosexual development