chapter 10 Flashcards
rapid eye movement (REM)
Periodic intervals of sleep during which the eyes move rapidly from side to side, and dreams occur, but the body is inactive.
dyssomnias
Problems in getting to sleep or in obtaining sufficient quality sleep.
parasomnias
Abnormal behaviours such as nightmares or sleepwalking that occur during sleep.
polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation
Assessment of sleep disorders in which a client sleeping in the lab is monitored for heart, muscle, respiration, brain wave, and other functions.
sleep efficiency
Percentage of time actually spent sleeping of the total time spent in bed.
microsleeps
Short, seconds-long periods of sleep that occur in people who have been deprived of sleep
rebound insomnia
In a person with insomnia, the worsened sleep problems that can occur when medications are used to treat insomnia and then withdrawn.
hypersomnolence disorders
Sleep dysfunction involving an excessive amount of sleep that disrupts normal routines.
sleep apnea
Disorder involving brief periods when breathing ceases during sleep.
narcolepsy
Sleep disorder involving sudden and irresistible sleep attacks.
breathing-related sleep disorders
Sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or insomnia, caused by a breathing problem such as interrupted (apnea) or laboured (hypoventilation) breathing.
circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorder
Sleep disturbances resulting in sleepiness or insomnia caused by the body’s inability to synchronize its sleep patterns with the current pattern of day and night.
Sonia has problems staying awake throughout the day. Even while talking on the phone or riding the bus, she unexpectedly loses muscle tone and falls asleep for a while.
narcolepsy
Jaime sometimes awakens and cannot move or speak. This is a particularly frightening experience known as
sleep paralysis
Brett has started a new job that requires him to change shifts monthly. He sometimes has day shifts and at other times has night shifts. Since then he has considerable trouble sleeping.
circadian rhythm sleep disorder
Melinda sleeps all night and still finds herself falling asleep throughout the next day. This happens even when she goes to bed early and gets up as late as possible
hypersomnolence disorder
Disorder of arousal
Category of sleep disorder during NREM sleep that includes sleepwalking and sleep terrors.
Sleep terrors
Episodes of apparent awakening from sleep, accompanied by signs of panic, followed by disorientation and amnesia for the incident. These occur during non-REM sleep and so do not involve frightening dreams.
Jaclyn’s dad is sometimes awakened by his daughter’s screams. He runs to Jaclyn’s room to comfort her and is eventually able to calm her down. Jaclyn usually explains that she was being chased by a big, one-eyed, purple monster. The events typically happen after watching scary movies with friends
nightmares.
Sho-jen’s parents hear her piercing screams on many nights and rush to comfort her, but she does not respond. During these episodes, her heart rate is elevated, and her pyjamas are soaked in sweat. When she gets up the next day, however, she has no memory of the experience.
sleep terrors
Jack has made a serious commitment to his diet for more than a month but continues to gain weight. He has no memory of eating but noticed that food is always missing from the refrigerator
nocturnal eating syndrome
Karen wakes up screaming every night, disregarding her parents’ efforts to comfort her. Her heart rate is elevated in these episodes, and her pyjamas are soaked in sweat. The next day, she has no memory of the experience. To help reduce these night terrors, Karen’s pediatrician used
scheduled awakenings
What are the two phases of normal sleep?
nonrapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep.
What are the treatments for insomnia?
-Improving sleep hygiene measures
-Biofeedback
-Cognitive techniques
-Relaxation techniques.
What are the different types of insomnia?
-Adjustment sleep disorder
-Inadequate sleep hygiene
-Behavioral insomnia of childhood
-Insomnia caused by medical condition.
What are the risk factors of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?
-Obesity
-Hypertension
-Smoking
-Heart failure
-Type II diabetes
-Alcohol
-Family history of OSA.
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What are the three types of sleep apnea and which one is most common?
-Central sleep apnea
-Obstructive sleep apnea (most common)
-Occurs when the muscles or structures of the oral cavity or throat relax during sleep.
-The person still attempts to breathe because chest and abdominal movement continue, which results in load snoring and snorting sounds
What is obstructive sleep apnea?
How do drugs and substances affect sleep?
-some sleep disturbances result as a direct effect of prescribed medications that alter sleep and weaken daytime alertness
-medications prescribed for sleep also cause a lot of problems
Nighttime awakenings caused by nocturia
Nighttime awakenings caused by nocturia
How do beta-adrenergic blockers affect sleep?
-cause nightmares
-cause insomnia
-cause awakening from sleep
How do benzodiazepines affect sleep?
-alter REM sleep
-increase sleep time
-increase daytime sleepiness
How does nicotine affect sleep?
-decrease total sleep time
-decreases REM sleep time
-causes awakening from sleep
-causes difficulty staying asleep
How do narcotics affect sleep?
-suppress REM sleep
-cause increased daytime drowsiness
What are the sources for sleep assessments?
Patient, bed partner and parents for children
What is the epworth sleepiness scale?
evaluates the severity of excessive daytime sleepiness
What are the different types of sleep studies?
-brain activity
-eye movement
-breathing
How do you evaluate if a pt is sleeping better?
Ask how they are sleeping, how long they are sleeping, how long is takes them to fall asleep, if they have changed any of their bedtime routines
