chapter 2 Flashcards
multidimensional integrative approach
Approach to the study of psychopathology that holds that psychological disorders are always the products of multiple interacting causal factors.
The first 20 pairs of chromosomes program the development of the body and brain.
false
No individual genes have been identified that cause any major psychological disorders.
true
According to the diathesis–stress model, people inherit a vulnerability to express certain traits or behaviours that may be activated under certain stress conditions.
true
The idea that individuals may have a genetic endowment to increase the probability that they will experience stressful life events and therefore trigger a vulnerability is predicted by the diathesis–stress model.
false
Environmental events alone influence the development of our behaviour and personalities.
false
neuroscience
Study of the nervous system and its role in behaviour, thoughts, and emotions.
synaptic cleft
Space between nerve cells where chemical transmitters act to move impulses from one neuron to the next.
neurotransmitters
Chemicals that cross the synaptic cleft between nerve cells to transmit impulses from one neuron to the next. Their relative excess or deficiency is involved in several psychological disorders
excitatory
Causing excitation; activating.
inhibitory
Causing inhibition; suppressing.
Movement, breathing, and sleeping depend on this ancient part of the brain, which is present in most animals.
brain stem
This area contains parts of the reticular activating system and coordinates movement with sensory output.
midbrain
More than 80 percent of the neurons in the human central nervous system are contained in this part of the brain, which gives us distinct qualities.
cerebral cortex.
This area is responsible for most of our memory, thinking, and reasoning capabilities, and makes us social animals.
frontal lobe
agonists
Chemical substances that effectively increase the activity of a neurotransmitter by imitating its effects
antagonists
In neuroscience, chemical substances that decrease or block the effects of a neurotransmitter.
inverse agonists
Chemical substances that produce effects opposite those of a particular neurotransmitter.
glutamate
Amino acid neurotransmitter that excites many different neurons, leading to action.
reuptake
Action by which a neurotransmitter is quickly drawn back into the discharging neuron after being released into a synaptic cleft.
gamma aminobutyric acid
Neurotransmitter that reduces activity across the synapse and thus inhibits a range of behaviours and emotions, especially generalized anxiety.
serotonin
Neurotransmitter involved in processing information and coordination of movement as well as inhibition and restraint; it also assists in the regulation of eating, sexual, and aggressive behaviours, all of which may be involved in different psychological disorders. Its interaction with dopamine is implicated in schizophrenia.
norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter that is active in the central and peripheral nervous systems controlling heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, among other functions. Because of its role in the body’s alarm reaction, it may also contribute in general and indirectly to panic attacks and other disorders.
dopamine
is implicated in schizophrenia
Which neurotransmitter binds to neuron receptor sites, inhibiting postsynaptic activity and reducing overall arousal?
GABA,
Which neurotransmitter is a switch that turns on various brain circuits?
dopamine
Which neurotransmitter seems to be involved in your emergency reactions or alarm responses?
norepinephrine
Which neurotransmitter is believed to influence the way we process information and to moderate or inhibit our behaviour?
serotonin
cognitive science
Field of study that examines how humans and other animals acquire, process, store, and retrieve information.
learned helplessness
Condition in which a person begins to believe that he or she has no control over his or her life.
modelling
Learning through observation and imitation of the behaviour of other individuals and the consequences of that behaviour; also known as observational learning.
observational learning
Type of learning that does not require direct experience; rather, an organism can learn by observing what happens to another organism and later imitating the other organism’s behaviour (also known as modelling).
prepared learning
Certain associations can be learned more readily than others because this ability has been adaptive for evolution.
implicit memory
Condition of memory in which a person cannot recall past events even though he or she acts in response to them.
implicit cognition
Cognitive processes of the unconscious that are difficult to measure because people cannot verbalize them, as they are not even aware of them.
cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)
Group of treatment procedures aimed at identifying and modifying faulty thought processes, attitudes and attributions, and problem behaviours; often used synonymously with cognitive therapy.
Karen noticed that every time Devon behaved well at lunch, the teacher praised him. Karen decided to behave better to receive praise herself.
modelling
Jin stopped trying to please his father because he never knows whether his father will be proud or outraged.
learned helplessness
Greg fell into a lake as a baby and almost drowned. Even though Greg has no recollection of the event, he hates to be around large bodies of water
implicit memory.
Céline was scared to death of the tarantula, even though she knew it wasn’t likely to hurt her.
prepared learning
The likelihood of your having a particular phobia is powerfully influenced by your
gender
The effect of social and interpersonal factors on the expression of physical and psychological disorders may differ with
age
The principle of ANSWEREQUIFINALITY is used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome.
equifinality
