chapter 2

Question 1

multidimensional integrative approach

Answer 1

Approach to the study of psychopathology that holds that psychological disorders are always the products of multiple interacting causal factors.

Question 2

The first 20 pairs of chromosomes program the development of the body and brain.

Answer 2

false

Question 3

No individual genes have been identified that cause any major psychological disorders.

Answer 3

true

Question 4

According to the diathesis–stress model, people inherit a vulnerability to express certain traits or behaviours that may be activated under certain stress conditions.

Answer 4

true

Question 5

The idea that individuals may have a genetic endowment to increase the probability that they will experience stressful life events and therefore trigger a vulnerability is predicted by the diathesis–stress model.

Answer 5

false

Question 6

Environmental events alone influence the development of our behaviour and personalities.

Answer 6

false

Question 7

neuroscience

Answer 7

Study of the nervous system and its role in behaviour, thoughts, and emotions.

Question 8

synaptic cleft

Answer 8

Space between nerve cells where chemical transmitters act to move impulses from one neuron to the next.

Question 9

neurotransmitters

Answer 9

Chemicals that cross the synaptic cleft between nerve cells to transmit impulses from one neuron to the next. Their relative excess or deficiency is involved in several psychological disorders

Question 10

excitatory

Answer 10

Causing excitation; activating.

Question 11

inhibitory

Answer 11

Causing inhibition; suppressing.

Question 12

Movement, breathing, and sleeping depend on this ancient part of the brain, which is present in most animals.

Answer 12

brain stem

Question 13

This area contains parts of the reticular activating system and coordinates movement with sensory output.

Answer 13

midbrain

Question 14

More than 80 percent of the neurons in the human central nervous system are contained in this part of the brain, which gives us distinct qualities.

Answer 14

cerebral cortex.

Question 15

This area is responsible for most of our memory, thinking, and reasoning capabilities, and makes us social animals.

Answer 15

frontal lobe

Question 16

agonists

Answer 16

Chemical substances that effectively increase the activity of a neurotransmitter by imitating its effects

Question 17

antagonists

Answer 17

In neuroscience, chemical substances that decrease or block the effects of a neurotransmitter.

Question 18

inverse agonists

Answer 18

Chemical substances that produce effects opposite those of a particular neurotransmitter.

Question 19

glutamate

Answer 19

Amino acid neurotransmitter that excites many different neurons, leading to action.

Question 19

reuptake

Answer 19

Action by which a neurotransmitter is quickly drawn back into the discharging neuron after being released into a synaptic cleft.

Question 20

gamma aminobutyric acid

Answer 20

Neurotransmitter that reduces activity across the synapse and thus inhibits a range of behaviours and emotions, especially generalized anxiety.

Question 21

serotonin

Answer 21

Neurotransmitter involved in processing information and coordination of movement as well as inhibition and restraint; it also assists in the regulation of eating, sexual, and aggressive behaviours, all of which may be involved in different psychological disorders. Its interaction with dopamine is implicated in schizophrenia.

Question 22

norepinephrine

Answer 22

Neurotransmitter that is active in the central and peripheral nervous systems controlling heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, among other functions. Because of its role in the body’s alarm reaction, it may also contribute in general and indirectly to panic attacks and other disorders.

Question 23

dopamine

Answer 23

is implicated in schizophrenia

Question 24

Which neurotransmitter binds to neuron receptor sites, inhibiting postsynaptic activity and reducing overall arousal?

Answer 24

GABA,

Question 25

Which neurotransmitter is a switch that turns on various brain circuits?

Answer 25

dopamine

Question 26

Which neurotransmitter seems to be involved in your emergency reactions or alarm responses?

Answer 26

norepinephrine

Question 27

Which neurotransmitter is believed to influence the way we process information and to moderate or inhibit our behaviour?

Answer 27

serotonin

Question 27

cognitive science

Answer 27

Field of study that examines how humans and other animals acquire, process, store, and retrieve information.

Question 28

learned helplessness

Answer 28

Condition in which a person begins to believe that he or she has no control over his or her life.

Question 29

modelling

Answer 29

Learning through observation and imitation of the behaviour of other individuals and the consequences of that behaviour; also known as observational learning.

Question 30

observational learning

Answer 30

Type of learning that does not require direct experience; rather, an organism can learn by observing what happens to another organism and later imitating the other organism’s behaviour (also known as modelling).

Question 31

prepared learning

Answer 31

Certain associations can be learned more readily than others because this ability has been adaptive for evolution.

Question 32

implicit memory

Answer 32

Condition of memory in which a person cannot recall past events even though he or she acts in response to them.

Question 33

implicit cognition

Answer 33

Cognitive processes of the unconscious that are difficult to measure because people cannot verbalize them, as they are not even aware of them.

Question 34

cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)

Answer 34

Group of treatment procedures aimed at identifying and modifying faulty thought processes, attitudes and attributions, and problem behaviours; often used synonymously with cognitive therapy.

Question 35

Karen noticed that every time Devon behaved well at lunch, the teacher praised him. Karen decided to behave better to receive praise herself.

Answer 35

modelling

Question 36

Jin stopped trying to please his father because he never knows whether his father will be proud or outraged.

Answer 36

learned helplessness

Question 37

Greg fell into a lake as a baby and almost drowned. Even though Greg has no recollection of the event, he hates to be around large bodies of water

Answer 37

implicit memory.

Question 38

Céline was scared to death of the tarantula, even though she knew it wasn’t likely to hurt her.

Answer 38

prepared learning

Question 39

The likelihood of your having a particular phobia is powerfully influenced by your

Answer 39

gender

Question 40

The effect of social and interpersonal factors on the expression of physical and psychological disorders may differ with

Answer 40

age

Question 41

The principle of ANSWEREQUIFINALITY is used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome.

Answer 41

equifinality