Chapter 4 Flashcards
Risk Factors
detrimental to health eg – smoking, lack of exercise
Protective Factors
enhance good health eg – balanced diet, supportive family
Biological Factors
Relates to the structure of the cells, tissues and systems of the body and how well they adequately function
Examples of Biological Factors (Blood-Related)
- Blood pressure
- Blood Cholesterol Levels
- Blood Glucose
Examples of Biological Factors (Weight-Related)
- Body Weight
- Birth Weight
Examples of Biological Factors (Genetics-Related)
- Sex
- Predisposition to disease
- Hormones
Sociocultural Factors
Relate to the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age
Mnemonic for Socialcultural factors
Social Experiences Cause Further Under Achivement
Social in Social Experiences Cause Further Under Achivement
- Social isolation
- Social exclusion
- Social connectedness
Experiences in Social Experiences Cause Further Under Achivement
Early life experiences
Cause in Social Experiences Cause Further Under Achivement
Culture
Further in Social Experiences Cause Further Under Achivement
Food security
Achievement in Social Experiences Cause Further Under Achivement
Access to health care
Environmental factors
Relates to the natural and built physical features in which we live, work and play
Mnemonic for environmental factors
Good Houses Increase Working Conditions
Good in Good Houses Increase Working Conditions
Geographic location
Houses in Good Houses Increase Working Conditions
Housing
Increase in Good Houses Increase Working Conditions
Infrastructure
Working in Good Houses Increase Working Conditions
Work environment
Conditions in Good Houses Increase Working Conditions
Climate
Hypertension risk factor for:
- CVD
- Stroke
- Kidney failure
Risk Factors for hypertension:
- High body mass
- Lack of physical activity
- Stress
- Smoking
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- Genetic predisposition
- High sodium diet
High LDL Cholesterol is a biological risk factor for:
- CVD
- Heart attack
- Stroke
Risk Factors for high blood cholesterol:
- Excessive alcohol intake
- Smoking
- Diet high in saturated fat or trans fats
- Lack of exercise
- Genetic predisposition
Impaired insulin resistance is a biological risk factor for:
- Type 2 diabetes
- Kidney disease
- Unhealing wounds in feet
- CVD
Risk Factors for insulin resistant:
- Genetic predisposition
- Lack of exercise
- Smoking
- Being overweight (particularly around abdomen)
- Diet high in fat, particularly trans fats
- Excessive alcohol consumption
Low birth weight is a biological risk factor for: (as a baby)
- underdeveloped immune system – more susceptible to infection
- Premature death and significant disabilities including speech and learning disabilities
Low birth weight is a biological risk factor for: (as an adult)
- High blood pressure
- Type 2 diabetes
- CVD
Risk Factors for low birth weight:
- Premature birth
- Age of mother (under 15 and over 45 years)
- Mother’s nutritional status
- Smoking and alcohol during pregnancy
- Illness of mother when pregnant
Genetics - Sex (Males)
- Can’t get ovarian cancer
- Increase in CVD
- Increase in Risk Taking Behaviour
Genetics - Sex (Females)
- Can’t get prostate or testicular cancer
- More likely to get breast cancer, and stroke
Testosterone is responsible for
- Sperm production
- Male sex characteristics
- Risk-taking behaviours
- Aggression
- Bone Density is maintained
Estrogen is responsible for
- Regulates the menstrual cycle
- Maintains bone density in females
- After menopause oestrogen levels decrease. Thus leading to osteoporosis
- Protective role for CVD – that is why females CVD at older age
- Fat deposited on thighs and buttocks – after menopause more fat deposited around the abdomen
Housing affecting h&w
- Infectious diseases in unclean housing
- Overcrowding -> no personal space
- Pollutants ie. tobacco smoke -> asthma
Geographic location affecting h&w
- Distance to hc
- Distance to fast food
Work Environment affecting h&w
- UV exposure
- Hazchem
- Accidents
Infrastructure affecting h&w
- PT
- Roads
- Clean Water and Sanitiation
Climate and CC affecting h&w
- Temps
- Sea Levels
- Natural disasters
Socioeconomic status
Social standing of an individual compared to others in the society. It is based on IOE (income, occupation, education).
Unemployment
- Suicide rates, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease rates higher than employed.
- Unemployment and Ill health play into one another.
- financial distress.
- Stress and anxiety
Social connections
Bonds between an individual, relatives, friends and acquaintances who participate in the society in which they live.
Social Exclusion leads to:
- Poor physical and mental health
- Homelessness
- Discrimination
Social exclusion
- Opposite of Social connectedness
- segregated from ppl or society. feeling disconnected.
Social Isolation
Refers to not being in contact with others factors include:
- Geographical Location.
- Disablity.
- Lack of transport.
- communication barriers.
Social Isolation leads to:
Feel they have no one to turn to – thus contribute to mental health problems, depression and stress.
Food Security
The state in which all persons can obtain nutritionally adeuqtae, culturally appropiate, safe food from local non-emergency sources.
Affecting food security:
Live too far away from fresh produce
Unable to afford nutrient dense foods
High food security can lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes
Low Food security can lead to deficiency diseases
Early Life experiences:
- Maternal smoking -> asthma
- Low Birth Weight -> CVD
- Emotional stimulation -> positive exhibition of emotions
Factors that affect access to culturally appropriate health care
Limiting factors:
- Geographical Locations
- Lack of Health literacy
- Culture
- Low SES
