Chapter 4

Question 1

Communication

Answer 1

The process of transmitting information through media such as words, behavior, or material artifacts to assist in decision making. Greatly helps in negotiating future plans.

Question 2

Noise

Answer 2

anything that disrupts the communication process.

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

Translating the intended meaning of the message into symbols.

Question 4

Decoding

Answer 4

the process of translating the received symbols into the interpreted message.

Question 5

Causes of noise

Answer 5

the difference between sender and receiver’s life space

Question 6

Intercultural communication

Answer 6

occurs when a member of one culture sends a message to a member of another culture.

Question 7

Attribution

Answer 7

the process in which people look for the explanation of another person’s behavior. People may blame a failure in communication on the other person’s stupidity, deceit, or craziness.

Question 8

Trust

Answer 8

improves cross-cultural communication by encouraging the open exchange of ideas and information. Socializing when possible and making friendly contacts with persons can improve trust.

Question 9

Language

Answer 9

verbal and nonverbal characteristics.

Question 10

Attitudes

Answer 10

Positive or negative evaluations, feelings, and tendencies that individuals harbor toward objects or concepts and affects the communication process.

Question 11

Subculture

Answer 11

a group of people who share a unique way of life within a larger, dominant culture.

Question 12

Stereotyping

Answer 12

when a person assumes that every member of a society or subculture has the same characteristics or traits.

Question 13

Symbols

Answer 13

letters, figures, colors, or other characters that communicate meaning.

Question 14

Kinesic behavior

Answer 14

an element of nonverbal communication that includes posture, gestures, facial expressions and eye contact. The meaning of body movements/kinesics vary across cultures. Ex. When someone from the US has a relaxed posture, this could be interpreted as rudeness in Asia. Likewise, hand gestures used by someone from the US can be distracting to someone from Japan.

Question 15

Oculesics

Answer 15

subtle differences in eye behavior. Direct eye contact is common in the US. British tend to keep looking away while conversing.

Question 16

Haptics

Answer 16

communicating through touch.

Question 17

High contact culture

Answer 17

in this type of society people stand close together and touch a great deal.
Coworkers may put an arm over their colleague’s back. Brazil is a high contact culture.

Question 18

Japan is a
______ culture

Answer 18

(high contact) that bows and often don’t shake hands. In low contact cultures people are
likely to stand at a respectable distance from each other

Question 19

Proxemics

Answer 19

the influence of closeness and space on communication. ex. Brazilians tend to stand
close to others compared to cultures such as the US and Japan

Question 20

Paralanguage

Answer 20

Reflects how something is said rather than the content. yawning, changing the meaning of words by changing the inflection of your voice, the use of silence during meetings.

Question 21

Object language or material culture

Answer 21

the manner in which people communicate through material
artifacts such as architecture, office design, furniture, clothing, cosmetics, and cars.

Question 22

Monochronic culture

Answer 22

treat time as a compartmentalized and classified tool for bringing order to
life, adhere to plan commitments. Considers time as something that can be saved or wasted and prefers “efficiency” in time. May come to decisions quicker

Question 23

Polychronic culture

Answer 23

tolerate many events occurring simultaneously, consider time flexible and
focus on relationships rather than material systems. Members can be distracted and change plans frequently while doing many tasks at once. Ex. Latin Americans have a flexible view of time and may not arrive at the predetermined time. May “waste” time by chatting about many non-business things. May be slower to make decisions.

Question 24

High context culture

Answer 24

feelings and thoughts are not explicitly expressed. The message is given
implicitly and inferred based on the context. People have to “read between the lines” to
interpret meaning based on unarticulated moods, subtle gestures, and environmental cues. Most communication occurs within a context of extensive information networks resulting from close personal relationships. Personal relations and goodwill valued. Ex. Japan

Question 25

Low context culture

Answer 25

information processes tend to be more formal and controlled. The message is explicitly stated. Feelings and thoughts are expressed directly in words. People in low-context cultures are less likely to say “no” directly. Controlled flows of information. Ex. US, Germany, Switzerland

Question 26

Ningensei

Answer 26

the Japanese preference for humanity, reciprocity, and analytic logic

Question 27

Ringi system

Answer 27

consensus decision-making system in which everyone is involved used in Japan.

Question 28

Interaction posture

Answer 28

ability to respond to others in a nonjudgmental way.

Question 29

Orientation to knowledge

Answer 29

recognizing that one’s knowledge, perceptions, and beliefs are valid only for oneself and not for everyone else

Question 30

Intercultural communication effectiveness (ICE)-

Answer 30

important behaviors include empathy, respect,
tolerance for ambiguity, interaction posture (ability to respond to others in a descriptive,
nonevaluative and nonjudgmental way).

Question 31

Projective listening

Answer 31

when listeners absorb the information according to our their view or
perspective.

Question 32

GLOBE project

Answer 32

countries high on performance orientation like the US prefer direct and explicit communication as opposed to countries like Russia or Greece

Question 33

Assertiveness

Answer 33

Countries low on assertiveness like Sweden would like to build friendly
relationships and would not like explicitness in communication (compared to high assertiveness countries).

Question 34

Humane orientation

Answer 34

countries high on the humane orientation (Philippines or Ireland) avoid making conflict a priority and tend to communicate with the goal of being supportive rather than achieving objective results. This contrasts with France and Spain who focus more on
achievement goals