Chapter 3

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

collection of values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, arts, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another

Question 2

Cultural intelligence

Answer 2

an outsider’s capability to relate and work effectively across cultures.

Question 3

Cultural sensitivity (cultural empathy)-

Answer 3

is the awareness of and honest caring about another individual’s culture. Needed along with cultural IQ to negotiate effectively in expatriate assignments.

Question 4

Creolization-

Answer 4

when immigrants adopt some aspects of the local culture while keeping aspect of their culture of origin

Question 5

Contingency management-

Answer 5

international managers need to adapt their management
styles of the local setting and people.

Question 6

Expatriate failure-

Answer 6

primarily due to cross-cultural differences

Question 7

Cultural diffusion-

Answer 7

brought about by globalization in all its forms of personal and
business contacts and information crossing borders.

Question 8

Sociocultural variables of culture-

Answer 8

religion, language, education

Question 9

Societal culture-

Answer 9

represents the expectations, norms, and goals within a region or nation

Question 10

Organizational culture-

Answer 10

norms, expectations and goals within an organization. Informal
cultures interact casually and wear casual clothes. A strong org culture like Walt Disney World can lead to greater loyalty but some strong org cultures can be overly focused on
domestic (ethnocentric)

Question 11

Convergence-

Answer 11

the phenomenon of the shifting of individual management styles to
become more similar to one another

Question 12

Self-reference criterion-

Answer 12

the unconscious reference point of one’s own cultural values

Question 13

Subcultures-

Answer 13

distinct sub groups within the main culture. Eg. Anglophones and
francophone and indigenous Canadians are subcultures in Canada

Question 14

Parochialism-

Answer 14

expectation that foreigners should automatically fall into host-country
patterns of behavior

Question 15

Ethnocentrism-

Answer 15

the belief that the practices of one’s own country are best (the center)
no matter where or under what conditions they are applied. Understand your own
culture first to help prevent ethnocentrism.

Question 16

Stereotyping-

Answer 16

-refers to the assumption that every member of a society or subculture has the same characteristics or traits without regard to individual differences. This should be
avoided by international managers because many countries have diverse subcultures.

Question 17

Values-

Answer 17

a society’s ideas and convictions about what is right or wrong and good or bad

Question 18

GLOBE Dimensions-

Answer 18

Assertiveness, future orientation, performance orientation, humane
orientation

Question 19

Assertiveness-

Answer 19

countries low on assertiveness tend to prefer warm and cooperative
relations and harmony.

Question 20

Humane orientation-

Answer 20

measures the extent to which a society encourages and rewards people for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring and kind.

Question 21

Future orientation-

Answer 21

inclined to long-term planning and focuses on planning and investing
in the future. Ex. Singapore and Switzerland

Question 22

Performance orientation-

Answer 22

tend to take initiative and have a sense or urgency and the
confidence to get things done. Exs. managers from Singapore, Hong Kong and the US.

Question 23

Hofstede’s dimensions-

Answer 23

Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism, femininity/masculinity, long term/short term orientation

Question 24

Power Distance-

Answer 24

characterized by inequalities between superiors and subordinates,
autocratic leadership, concentrated power among executives and little autonomy for subordinates, and companies tend to be more hierarchical, with power deriving from
prestige, force, and inheritance

Question 25

Uncertainty avoidance-

Answer 25

a large/high uncertainty avoidance culture values security and places its faith in strong systems of rule, laws and procedures in society to which people
adhere.

Question 26

Individualism-

Answer 26

the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate
family and to place less emphasis on the needs of the society.

Question 27

Collectivism-

Answer 27

emphasizes loyalty to the family and tribe, ties among individuals are
highly valued, and compromise and conformity help maintain group harmony. Eg. Saudi Arabia

Question 28

Masculine societies-

Answer 28

tend to be individualistic and high power distance.

Question 29

Universalistic-

Answer 29

societies that emphasize applying rules and system objectively.

Question 30

Particularistic-

Answer 30

societies in which people are more likely consider the individual
circumstances as opposed to objectively applying the rules to everyone. People from
particularistic societies are more likely to pass on insider information.

Question 31

Trompenaars value dimensions-

Answer 31

specific vs diffuse, neutral vs affective, and universalism vs particularism

Question 32

Affective society-

Answer 32

members are more likely to express their emotions openly during a
business situation. Exs. Greece, China, and Mexico

Question 33

Neutral society-

Answer 33

members are less likely to express their emotions openly during a
business situation. Exs. England, Germany, and Japan

Question 34

Specific oriented-

Answer 34

cultures in which managers separate their work and private lives and
tend to be open and direct when communicating with coworkers

Question 35

Achievement society-

Answer 35

sources of power and status will most likely be based upon how
well you perform on the job

Question 36

Ascription society-

Answer 36

sources of power and status will most likely be based on age, gender,
etc. as opposed to achievement

Question 37

Internet usage-

Answer 37

varies based on local attitudes to information privacy

Question 38

Media exposure-

Answer 38

can cause changes in traditional, non-Western societies

Question 39

Guanxi-

Answer 39

network of relationships centered on mutual obligations and favors

Question 40

Harris and Moran Characteristics of workplace behaviors-

Answer 40

Americans value being
competitive and aggressive, have a strong work ethic and value being highly organized and institutionally minded. Arabs value hospitality, five times a day prayer pattern, indirect communication style and believe important deadlines cannot be rushed.

Question 41

Harris and Moran’s eight categories-

Answer 41

the purpose is to show how subsystems in a society
affect an individual’s behavior.

Question 42

Kinship system-

Answer 42

refers to the influence of family relationships

Question 43

Religious system-

Answer 43

underlies both moral and economic norms and influences everyday
business transactions and on-the-job behaviors