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Biol235 Quiz 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Four types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers body’s surface, lines hollow organs/cavities, forms glands

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3
Q

Connective tissue

A

Protects/supports body/organs, stores energy (fats), immunity to disease

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4
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Cells specialized for contraction/force, generates heat

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5
Q

Nervous

A

Detects changes, generates electrical signals, activates muscular contractions/secretions

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6
Q

Five types of cell junctions

A

Right
Adherents
Desosomes
Hemidesosomes
Gap

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7
Q

Tight junctions

A

Fuse outer surface of membranes together to seal of passageway between cells=prevents leakage (stomach, intestines, urinary bladder)

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8
Q

Adheren junctions

A

Plaque on inside of planes membrane attaching to members proteins and microfilaments, helps epithelial resist separation during contraction

Cadherens: transmembrane proteins joining cells
Adhesion belts: extensive zones of adherens

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9
Q

Desosomes

A

Contains plaque, cadherens extend into ICF, attach cells, don’t attach to microfilaments but instead intermediate filaments

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10
Q

Hemidesosomes

A

Like Desosomes but integrity’s instead of cadherins, attach to laminin (proteins) present in basement membrane

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11
Q

Gap junctions

A

Connexins (tiny tube tunnels) for rapid diffusion

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12
Q

Epithelial vs connective

A

Tightly packed cells, little matrix, no BV, almost always surface layer (except BV where blood passes over)

Cells widely scattered lots of matrix, has BV

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13
Q

General features of epithelial tissue

A

Cells in continuous sheets single or multiple layer
Various surfaces have different structures/functions
Own nerve supply
Avascular
High rate of cell division

Function: protects secretes absorbs excretes

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14
Q

Simple squamous (two types)

A

Flat single layer of cells

Found:
Endothelium: lines cardiovascular/lymphatic system
Mesothelium: epithelial layer of serous membranes

Function: filtrations/diffusion or secretion of serous membranes, not subject to wear and tear

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15
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

Cube single layer

Found: surface of ovary, anterior lens of eye, pigment of retina, lines kidney tubules/smaller ducts of glands, secreting portion of glands

Function: secretion/absorption

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16
Q

Nonciliated simple columnar

A

Single layer columnar cells, microvilli, goblet cells

Found: lines GI, ducts of glands, gallbladder

higher secretion/absorption, secreted mucus lines respiratory/reproductive/digestive tract, prevents destruction of stomach lining

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17
Q

Ciliates simple columnar

A

Single layer columnar, cilia, goblet cells

Found: bronchiales, fallopian tubes, sinuses, central spinal cord

Function: move mucus to be coughed up, move oocytes from ovaries

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18
Q

Nonciliated pseudostratified columnar

A

Different levels of nuclei, not all cells reach surface, no goblet/cilia

Found: lines epididymis, larger ducts of glands, make urethra

Function: absorption/secretion

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19
Q

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar

A

Goblet cells and cilia

Found: lines airways of most upper respiratory tract

Function: secreted mucus, traps foreign particles cilia swell away

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20
Q

Stratified squamous

A

Many layers of cells top is flat

Found:
Keratinized: superficial layer of skin
Non keratinized: lines wet surface/tongue

Function: protection against abrasion, UV, water loss, foreign invasion

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21
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

Fairly rare

Found: ducts of adult sweat/esophageal glands, male urethra

Function: protection, limited secretion/absorption

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22
Q

Stratified columnar

A

Uncommon

Found: urethra, large ducts of glands, anus mucous membrane, parts of eye

Function: protection/secretion

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23
Q

Transitional

A

Relaxed=stratified cuboidal stretched=stratified squamous

Found: lines urinary bladder, ureter/urethra

Function: stretch without rupturing, maintain protective lining

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24
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secretions enter interstitial fluid then bloodstream, no duct

Found: pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, tested, thymus

Function: hormones regulate metabolic/physiological a activities

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25
Exocrine glands
Release into ducts onto surface epithelium Found: sweat, oil, ear was glands of skin, digestive glands, pancreas Function: produce substances, sweat oil earwax saliva digestive enzymes
26
Exocrine glands shapes
Simple: doesn’t branch Compound: branches Tubular: tubular Acinar: rounded Tubuloacinar: both
27
Exocrine gland types of secretion
Merocrine: released from cell in secretory vesicles via Exocytosis Apocrine: portion of cell lunches off via Exocytosis Holocrine: whole cell ruptures
28
General feature of connective tissue
Most abundant Lots of extra cellular matrix Vascular (except catilage=none, tendons=little) Not usually on body surfaces Nerves (except cartilage)
29
Cells in connective tissue
Fibroblasts Macrophages Plasma cells Mast cells Adipocytes Leukocytes
30
Fibroblasts
Large, flat, branching cells In general connective tissue
31
Macrophages
Phagocytes Fixed reside in particular tissue Wandering move through tissue to gather at sites of inflammation/infection
32
Plasma cells
All over body, mostly connective tissue, especially GI/respiratory tracts
33
Mast cells
Involved in inflammatory response, bind/ingest/kill bacteria
34
Adipocytes
Fat cells store triglycerides Deep to skin/around organs
35
Leukocytes
WBC Migrate from blood to connective tissue for different responses
36
Ground substance structure/function
Can be fluid, semi fluid, gelatinous, calcified Supports/binds cells, stores water, medium for exchange between blood/cells
37
Hyaluronic acid
Viscous slippery substance Bind cells, lubricates joints, maintains shape of eyeballs
38
Fibers in connective tissue
Collagen: strong, rests pulling/stretching, not stiff, found in most connective tissues (esp. bone cartilage ligaments tendons( Elastic: strong, stretch 150%, return to normal shape (esp. skin, BV walls, lung tissue) Reticular: support/strength/form basement membrane, helps form stroma
39
Stroma
Supporting framework of organs
40
Embryonic tissue types
Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue
41
Mesenchyme
Irregular shaped cells in semi fluid ground substance, reticular divers Found: under skin/along bones of embryo, some adult esp. BV Function: form almost all other types of connective tissue
42
Mucous connective tissue
Widely scattered fibroblasts, jelly-like ground substance, collagen fibres Found: umbilical cord Function: support
43
Proper loose connective tissue types
Fibers loosely arranged Areolar connective tissue Adispose tissue Reticular connective tissue
44
Areolar connective tissue
Widely distributed, 3 fibers, many cells, semi fluid Found: in/around every body structure, subcutaneous layer, superficial dermis, lamina propria, BV, nerves, organs Function: strength, elasticity, support
45
Adipose tissue
Cels fill with droplet of tryglyceride, BAT found mostly in fetus/infant Found: Areolar tissue, heart/kidneys, yellow bone marrow, joints, eye Function: reduced heat loss, energy reserve, supports/protects organs, stem cells
46
Reticular connective tissue
Interlacing network of reticular fibers/cells Found: stroma of liver spleen lymph nodes, red bone marrow, reticular lamina, around BV/muscles Function: forms stroma, binds cells, filters/removes worn out blood cells in spleen/microbes in lymph nodes
47
Proper dense connective tissue types
More fibers densely packed Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Elastic connective tissue
48
Dense regular connective tissue
Shiny white extracellular mix, collagen rows with fibroblasts between Found: tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses Function: strong attachment between structures, withstands pulling
49
Dense irregular connective tissue
Collagen fibers irregularly arranged with fibroblasts Found: in sheets fascia, reticular dermis, pericardium, perichondrium, cartilage, joint/membrane capsules, heart valves Function: provides tensile (pulling) strength
50
Elastic connective tissue
Elastic fibers with fibroblasts, yellowish Found: lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, teachea, bronchial tubes, vocal cords, suspensory ligaments of penis, some ligament of vertebrae Function: stretching of organs, strong can recoil to og shape (lung tissue, elastic arteries)
51
Cartilage types
Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage
52
Hyaline cartilage
Bluish white, shiny chondrocytes found in lacunae surrounded by perichondrium Found: most abundant in body, long bones, ribs, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, embryonic/fetal skeleton Function: smooth surfaces for movement at joint, flexibility/support, weak (can be fractured)
53
Fibrocartilage
Chondrocytes collagen fibers no perichondrium Found: pubic symphysis, cerebral discs, knee, tendons Function. Support/joining structures, strength/rigidity=strongest
54
Elastic cartilage
Chondrocytes elastic fibers perichondrium Found: epiglottis, external ear, auditory tubes Function: strength/elasticity, maintain shape
55
Bone tissue
Compact: osteons containing lamellae, lacunae, oesteocytes, central canal Spongy: trabeculae, red bone marrow Function: support protection storage house blood forming tissues enables movement
56
Blood
Blood plasma formed elements (RBC,WBC, platelets) Found: BV heart Function: RBC (transport o2/co2) WBC (phagocytosis, allergic response, immune) platelets (blood clotting)
57
Types of membranes
Epithelial membrane -mucous membrane:lines body cavity open to exterior, tight junctions -serous membrane: body cavity not open to exterior, Areolar tissue, simple squamous (mesothelium), secretes serous fluid -cutaneous membrane: skin, keratinized stratified squamous, Areolar/irregular connective tissue Synovial membrane: joining cavities, no epithelium, synoviocytes, secrets synovial fluid
58
Define membrane
Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover/line a part of the body
59
Classification of membranes
Opens to exterior or not Epithelial or not
60
General features of muscular tissue
Elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes Use ATP to generate force
61
Skeletal muscle tissue
Long cylindrical striated fibers (alternating light dark bands) nucleus at periphery Voluntary Found: attached to bones by tendons Function; motion posture heat production protection
62
Cardiac muscle tissue
Branches striated fibers, central nucleus, intercalated discs, Desosomes, gap junctions Involuntary Found: heart wall Function: pump blood
63
Smooth muscle tissue
Non striated fibers, central nucleus Involuntary Found: iris, walls of hollow internal structures (BV, stomach intestines etc) Function: motion (construction of BV contractor of bladders)
64
Structure/function of nervous tissue
Neurons: nerve cells, sensitive to stimuli, convert it to electrical signals called nerve action potentials, conducted to neuron, muscle tissue or glands -cell body: contains nucleus/organelles -dendrites: receiving/input section,branched -axons: output, long thin conducts nerve impulses Neuroglia: doesn’t generate nerve impulses has supporting functions
65
Concept of electrical excitably
Excitable cells: neurons muscle fibers Electrical excitability: ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals
66
Basement membrane
Thin extracellular membrane, attach/anchor epithelial/connective tissue, surface for wound healing, prevent passage of larger molecules, blood filtration in kidneys Basal lamina: closer to epithelial cells Reticular lamina: closer to connective tissue
67
Chondrocytes
Cells of mature cartilage
68
Lacunae
Spaces filled with chondrocytes
69
Perichondrium
Dense irregular connective tissue Membrane covering cartilage
70
Interstitial growth
Growth from within tissue (childhood/adolescence)
71
Appositional growth
Growth at the outer surface of the tissue (adolescence/adulthood)
72
Lamellae
Rings of extracellular matrix with mineral salts/collagen fibers
73
Lacunae
Small spaces between lamellae containing osteocytes
74
Canaliculi
Project from lacunae proving nutrient/waste routes
75
Central canal
BV and nerves

Biol235 Quiz 1 (5 decks)

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