Chapter 2 Flashcards
Main chemical elements of body
94%
O: 65% part of water/organic molecules, generates ATP
C: 18.5% backbone of organic molecules
H: 9.5% constituent of water/organic molecules, H+ is acidic
N: 3.2% component of proteins/nucleus acids
Structure of atoms, ions, molecules, free radicals, compounds
Atoms: extremely small, made of subatomic particles, nucleus, neutral charge
Ions: atoms that lost/gained electrons, charged
Molecule: two or more atoms sharing electrons, can be same element
Compound: contains atoms of two or more different elements
Free radicals: atom/group of atoms with unpaired electron in valence shell
Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds
Ionic: force of attraction holding ions of opposite charges (lose/gain electrons)
Covalent: two or more atoms share electrons
Nonpolar: shared equally
Polar: shared unequal
Hydrogen: partial positive of H bonds with partial negative atoms, weak, establish important links between molecules/parts of molecules (proteins/nucleic acids), give water cohesion
Calcium
Phosphorous
Potassium
Calcium: (1.5%) harness of bones/teeth, Ca2+=blood clotting, hormone release, muscle contraction
Phosphorus: (1%) component of nucleic acids/ATP, normal bone/tooth structure
Potassium: (.35%) K+=most abundant cation, ICF, generate action potentials
Forms of energy/def
Energy: capacity to do work
Kinetic: matter in motion
Potential: stored by matter
Chemical: potential energy in bonds of compounds/molecules
Exergonic vs endergonic
Exergonic: release more energy than use
Endergonic: use more energy that release
Activation energy
Collision needed to break chemical bonds of reactants
Concentration: more=more collisions
Temperature: higher=faster moving particles=more collisions
Catalysts
Speed up reactions by lowering activation energy
Enzymes are in body
Synthesis, decomposition, exchange, reversible reactions, and oxidation-reduction
Synthesis: (anabolism) atoms,ions,molecules combine to form more molecules-endergonic
Decomposition: (catabolism) split up large molecules into smaller molecules-Exergonic
Exchange: both synthesis and decomp
Reversible: products can turn back into reactants
Oxidation-reduction: one substance is oxidized (loss of electron) other is reduced (gain of electron)
Properties of water
Uneven sharing of E=acts as solvent
Medium for reactions
High heat capacity/heat of vaporization: cools off body when evaporates
Lubricant:mucus reduced friction
Inorganic acid bases and salts
Acids: dissociates into H+ and anions, proton donor
Bases: dissociates into OH- and cations, removes H+ from solution, proton acceptor
Salt: dissociates into cations/anions
Solutions colloids and suspensions
Solution: solvent (dissolved solute) and solute (dissolved), small particles, looks transparent
Colloid: particles are larger, scatters light, usually translucent
Suspension: suspended material eventually settles out
pH and buffer systems
pH: determines acidity/alkalinity
Midpoint: 7
<7: acidic more H+
>7: alkaline more OH-
Buffer system: converts strong acids/bases into weak ones
Carbonic acid bicarbonate system:
HCO3- acts as weak base, removes H+
H2CO3- acts as weak acid, adds H+
Functional group/carbon skeleton
Carbon skeleton: chain of carbon molecules
Functional Group: other atoms/molecules bound to carbon skeleton with characteristic properties
Monomers vs polymers vs macromolecule
Monomers: building block of molecules
Polymers: made up of many monomers
Macromolecule: made of many polymers
Isomer
Same molecular formula different structures
Hydrocarbon
Hydrogen attached to carbon
Building blocks of carbohydrates
Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Monosaccharides: 3-7 carbon, simple sugar end in ose
Disaccharide: two monosaccharides bided by dehydration synthesis, simple sugar
Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides, insoluble to water, not sweet
Gylcogen
Main polysaccharide of body, made of glucose monomers
Hydrophilic vs hydrophobic
Water loving
Water fearing
Hydrolysis
Break down of large molecule by adding water
Dehydration synthesis
Two molecules form larger molecules with water as product
Function of carbohydrates
Provide most chemical energy needed to generate ATP
Lipids
Made of carbon hydrogen oxygen
Hydrophobic as less polar covalent bonds
Lipoproteins
Lipid molecules going with hydrophilic to become more soluble
Fatty acids
Lipid
Carbonyl group, hydrocarbon chain
Saturated: only single covalent bonds saturated with H
Unsaturated: one ore more double covalent bonds
Triglycerides
Lipid
Single glycerol (3 carbon molecule) and 3 fatty acids
Fat: solid at room temp
Saturated: mostly saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated: one or more double covalent bonds
Oil: liquid at room temp mostly unsaturated fatty acids
Monounsaturated: mostly monounsaturated fatty acids (one kink)
Polyunsaturated: mostly polyunsaturated fatty acids (more than one kink)
Phospholipids
Lipid
Glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid chains, phosphate group, small charged group
Polar head, no polar tails = amphipathic
Steroids
Lipids
Four rings of carbon
Cholesterol: needed for cell membranes
Estrogen/testosterone: regulate sexual functions
Bile salts: digestion/absorption
Cortisol: regulate blood sugar
Vitamin D: bone growth
Eicosanoids
Lipid
20 carbon fatty acid chain, arachidonic acid
Leukotrienes: allergic response/inflammation
Prostaglandins: modify response to hormones, enlarge airways, regulate temp
Lipid function
Fatty acids: synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids, catabolized=ATP
Triglycerides: protect/insulate/provide energy
Phospholipids: cell membrane
Steroids: many
Eicosanoids: hormone response,inflammation, dilate airways, body temp
Protein building blocks
Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen
Amino acids
Protein
Monomers, H atom 3 function groups (amino,carbonyl, R group) attached to carbon
Dipeptide: 2 amino acids bonded by peptide bonds
Tripeptide: 3 a.a
Peptide: 4-9
Polypeptide: 10-2000 or more
Enzymes
Protein
Catalysts
Apoenzyme: protein portion
Cofactor: non protein portions
Highly specific (active site)
Efficient
Subject to variety of cellular controls
Protein Function
Structural
Regulatory
Contractile
Immunological
Transport
Catalytic
DNA vs RNA
Nucleic acids: nitrogenous base, pentode sugar, phosphate groups
DNA: makes a gene, double helix, A=T, nuclear/mitochondrial
RNA: instructions to guid protein synthesis, one strand, A=U, transfer/ribosomal/messenger
Nucleotide component s
Nitrogenous base:
Purines: larger A.G
Pyrimidines: smaller C.T
A=T, C=G
Pentose sugar: deoxyribose/ribose
Phosphate group: alternate with pentose sugar to form backbone
ATP
ATP+H2O—>ADP+phosphate group+energy
Enzyme:ATphase
ADP+P+E—>ATP+H2O
Enzyme: ATP synthase
Energy needed comes from catabolism of glucose (cellular respiration)
Matter
Anything occupying space
Mass
Amount of matter doesn’t xhange
Weight
Force of gravity acting on matter does change
Subatomic particles
Protons neutrons electrons
Atomic number
Number of protons
Mass number
Sunday of protons and neutrons
Isotopes
Same element different neutrons=differs mass number
Radioactive isotope
Unstable
Atomic mass
Average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes
Electrolyte
Ionic compound that’s breaks into positive and negative ions in a solution
Concentration
Measured by Mass/V (# of grams of a substance to 100mL solution)
Mole/L (1 mole in one L of soliton)
Dissociate
Separate into ions surround by water molecules
Denaturation
Loss of shape equals loss of function
