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Biol235 Quiz 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Main chemical elements of body

A

94%
O: 65% part of water/organic molecules, generates ATP

C: 18.5% backbone of organic molecules

H: 9.5% constituent of water/organic molecules, H+ is acidic

N: 3.2% component of proteins/nucleus acids

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2
Q

Structure of atoms, ions, molecules, free radicals, compounds

A

Atoms: extremely small, made of subatomic particles, nucleus, neutral charge

Ions: atoms that lost/gained electrons, charged

Molecule: two or more atoms sharing electrons, can be same element

Compound: contains atoms of two or more different elements

Free radicals: atom/group of atoms with unpaired electron in valence shell

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3
Q

Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds

A

Ionic: force of attraction holding ions of opposite charges (lose/gain electrons)

Covalent: two or more atoms share electrons
Nonpolar: shared equally
Polar: shared unequal

Hydrogen: partial positive of H bonds with partial negative atoms, weak, establish important links between molecules/parts of molecules (proteins/nucleic acids), give water cohesion

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4
Q

Calcium
Phosphorous
Potassium

A

Calcium: (1.5%) harness of bones/teeth, Ca2+=blood clotting, hormone release, muscle contraction

Phosphorus: (1%) component of nucleic acids/ATP, normal bone/tooth structure

Potassium: (.35%) K+=most abundant cation, ICF, generate action potentials

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5
Q

Forms of energy/def

A

Energy: capacity to do work

Kinetic: matter in motion

Potential: stored by matter

Chemical: potential energy in bonds of compounds/molecules

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6
Q

Exergonic vs endergonic

A

Exergonic: release more energy than use

Endergonic: use more energy that release

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7
Q

Activation energy

A

Collision needed to break chemical bonds of reactants

Concentration: more=more collisions
Temperature: higher=faster moving particles=more collisions

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8
Q

Catalysts

A

Speed up reactions by lowering activation energy

Enzymes are in body

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9
Q

Synthesis, decomposition, exchange, reversible reactions, and oxidation-reduction

A

Synthesis: (anabolism) atoms,ions,molecules combine to form more molecules-endergonic

Decomposition: (catabolism) split up large molecules into smaller molecules-Exergonic

Exchange: both synthesis and decomp

Reversible: products can turn back into reactants

Oxidation-reduction: one substance is oxidized (loss of electron) other is reduced (gain of electron)

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10
Q

Properties of water

A

Uneven sharing of E=acts as solvent
Medium for reactions
High heat capacity/heat of vaporization: cools off body when evaporates
Lubricant:mucus reduced friction

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11
Q

Inorganic acid bases and salts

A

Acids: dissociates into H+ and anions, proton donor

Bases: dissociates into OH- and cations, removes H+ from solution, proton acceptor

Salt: dissociates into cations/anions

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12
Q

Solutions colloids and suspensions

A

Solution: solvent (dissolved solute) and solute (dissolved), small particles, looks transparent

Colloid: particles are larger, scatters light, usually translucent

Suspension: suspended material eventually settles out

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13
Q

pH and buffer systems

A

pH: determines acidity/alkalinity
Midpoint: 7
<7: acidic more H+
>7: alkaline more OH-

Buffer system: converts strong acids/bases into weak ones

Carbonic acid bicarbonate system:
HCO3- acts as weak base, removes H+
H2CO3- acts as weak acid, adds H+

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14
Q

Functional group/carbon skeleton

A

Carbon skeleton: chain of carbon molecules

Functional Group: other atoms/molecules bound to carbon skeleton with characteristic properties

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15
Q

Monomers vs polymers vs macromolecule

A

Monomers: building block of molecules
Polymers: made up of many monomers
Macromolecule: made of many polymers

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16
Q

Isomer

A

Same molecular formula different structures

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17
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Hydrogen attached to carbon

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18
Q

Building blocks of carbohydrates

A

Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Monosaccharides: 3-7 carbon, simple sugar end in ose
Disaccharide: two monosaccharides bided by dehydration synthesis, simple sugar
Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides, insoluble to water, not sweet

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19
Q

Gylcogen

A

Main polysaccharide of body, made of glucose monomers

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20
Q

Hydrophilic vs hydrophobic

A

Water loving
Water fearing

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21
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Break down of large molecule by adding water

22
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Two molecules form larger molecules with water as product

23
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A

Provide most chemical energy needed to generate ATP

24
Q

Lipids

A

Made of carbon hydrogen oxygen
Hydrophobic as less polar covalent bonds

25
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Lipid molecules going with hydrophilic to become more soluble

26
Q

Fatty acids

A

Lipid

Carbonyl group, hydrocarbon chain

Saturated: only single covalent bonds saturated with H
Unsaturated: one ore more double covalent bonds

27
Q

Triglycerides

A

Lipid

Single glycerol (3 carbon molecule) and 3 fatty acids

Fat: solid at room temp
Saturated: mostly saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated: one or more double covalent bonds

Oil: liquid at room temp mostly unsaturated fatty acids
Monounsaturated: mostly monounsaturated fatty acids (one kink)
Polyunsaturated: mostly polyunsaturated fatty acids (more than one kink)

28
Q

Phospholipids

A

Lipid

Glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid chains, phosphate group, small charged group

Polar head, no polar tails = amphipathic

29
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids

Four rings of carbon

Cholesterol: needed for cell membranes
Estrogen/testosterone: regulate sexual functions
Bile salts: digestion/absorption
Cortisol: regulate blood sugar
Vitamin D: bone growth

30
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Lipid

20 carbon fatty acid chain, arachidonic acid

Leukotrienes: allergic response/inflammation
Prostaglandins: modify response to hormones, enlarge airways, regulate temp

31
Q

Lipid function

A

Fatty acids: synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids, catabolized=ATP
Triglycerides: protect/insulate/provide energy
Phospholipids: cell membrane
Steroids: many
Eicosanoids: hormone response,inflammation, dilate airways, body temp

32
Q

Protein building blocks

A

Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen

33
Q

Amino acids

A

Protein

Monomers, H atom 3 function groups (amino,carbonyl, R group) attached to carbon

Dipeptide: 2 amino acids bonded by peptide bonds
Tripeptide: 3 a.a
Peptide: 4-9
Polypeptide: 10-2000 or more

34
Q

Enzymes

A

Protein

Catalysts

Apoenzyme: protein portion

Cofactor: non protein portions
Highly specific (active site)
Efficient
Subject to variety of cellular controls

35
Q

Protein Function

A

Structural
Regulatory
Contractile
Immunological
Transport
Catalytic

36
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

Nucleic acids: nitrogenous base, pentode sugar, phosphate groups

DNA: makes a gene, double helix, A=T, nuclear/mitochondrial

RNA: instructions to guid protein synthesis, one strand, A=U, transfer/ribosomal/messenger

37
Q

Nucleotide component s

A

Nitrogenous base:
Purines: larger A.G
Pyrimidines: smaller C.T
A=T, C=G

Pentose sugar: deoxyribose/ribose

Phosphate group: alternate with pentose sugar to form backbone

38
Q

ATP

A

ATP+H2O—>ADP+phosphate group+energy
Enzyme:ATphase

ADP+P+E—>ATP+H2O
Enzyme: ATP synthase
Energy needed comes from catabolism of glucose (cellular respiration)

39
Q

Matter

A

Anything occupying space

40
Q

Mass

A

Amount of matter doesn’t xhange

41
Q

Weight

A

Force of gravity acting on matter does change

42
Q

Subatomic particles

A

Protons neutrons electrons

43
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons

44
Q

Mass number

A

Sunday of protons and neutrons

45
Q

Isotopes

A

Same element different neutrons=differs mass number

46
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

Unstable

47
Q

Atomic mass

A

Average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes

48
Q

Electrolyte

A

Ionic compound that’s breaks into positive and negative ions in a solution

49
Q

Concentration

A

Measured by Mass/V (# of grams of a substance to 100mL solution)

Mole/L (1 mole in one L of soliton)

50
Q

Dissociate

A

Separate into ions surround by water molecules

51
Q

Denaturation

A

Loss of shape equals loss of function

Biol235 Quiz 1 (5 decks)

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