Chapter 2 Flashcards by Kate Grimeau

Main chemical elements of body

94%
O: 65% part of water/organic molecules, generates ATP

C: 18.5% backbone of organic molecules

H: 9.5% constituent of water/organic molecules, H+ is acidic

N: 3.2% component of proteins/nucleus acids

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Structure of atoms, ions, molecules, free radicals, compounds

Atoms: extremely small, made of subatomic particles, nucleus, neutral charge

Ions: atoms that lost/gained electrons, charged

Molecule: two or more atoms sharing electrons, can be same element

Compound: contains atoms of two or more different elements

Free radicals: atom/group of atoms with unpaired electron in valence shell

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Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds

Ionic: force of attraction holding ions of opposite charges (lose/gain electrons)

Covalent: two or more atoms share electrons
Nonpolar: shared equally
Polar: shared unequal

Hydrogen: partial positive of H bonds with partial negative atoms, weak, establish important links between molecules/parts of molecules (proteins/nucleic acids), give water cohesion

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Calcium
Phosphorous
Potassium

Calcium: (1.5%) harness of bones/teeth, Ca2+=blood clotting, hormone release, muscle contraction

Phosphorus: (1%) component of nucleic acids/ATP, normal bone/tooth structure

Potassium: (.35%) K+=most abundant cation, ICF, generate action potentials

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Forms of energy/def

Energy: capacity to do work

Kinetic: matter in motion

Potential: stored by matter

Chemical: potential energy in bonds of compounds/molecules

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Exergonic vs endergonic

Exergonic: release more energy than use

Endergonic: use more energy that release

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Activation energy

Collision needed to break chemical bonds of reactants

Concentration: more=more collisions
Temperature: higher=faster moving particles=more collisions

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Catalysts

Speed up reactions by lowering activation energy

Enzymes are in body

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Synthesis, decomposition, exchange, reversible reactions, and oxidation-reduction

Synthesis: (anabolism) atoms,ions,molecules combine to form more molecules-endergonic

Decomposition: (catabolism) split up large molecules into smaller molecules-Exergonic

Exchange: both synthesis and decomp

Reversible: products can turn back into reactants

Oxidation-reduction: one substance is oxidized (loss of electron) other is reduced (gain of electron)

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Properties of water

Uneven sharing of E=acts as solvent
Medium for reactions
High heat capacity/heat of vaporization: cools off body when evaporates
Lubricant:mucus reduced friction

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Inorganic acid bases and salts

Acids: dissociates into H+ and anions, proton donor

Bases: dissociates into OH- and cations, removes H+ from solution, proton acceptor

Salt: dissociates into cations/anions

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Solutions colloids and suspensions

Solution: solvent (dissolved solute) and solute (dissolved), small particles, looks transparent

Colloid: particles are larger, scatters light, usually translucent

Suspension: suspended material eventually settles out

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pH and buffer systems

pH: determines acidity/alkalinity
Midpoint: 7
<7: acidic more H+
>7: alkaline more OH-

Buffer system: converts strong acids/bases into weak ones

Carbonic acid bicarbonate system:
HCO3- acts as weak base, removes H+
H2CO3- acts as weak acid, adds H+

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Functional group/carbon skeleton

Carbon skeleton: chain of carbon molecules

Functional Group: other atoms/molecules bound to carbon skeleton with characteristic properties

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Monomers vs polymers vs macromolecule

Monomers: building block of molecules
Polymers: made up of many monomers
Macromolecule: made of many polymers

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Isomer

Same molecular formula different structures

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Hydrocarbon

Hydrogen attached to carbon

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Building blocks of carbohydrates

Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Monosaccharides: 3-7 carbon, simple sugar end in ose
Disaccharide: two monosaccharides bided by dehydration synthesis, simple sugar
Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides, insoluble to water, not sweet

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Gylcogen

Main polysaccharide of body, made of glucose monomers

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Hydrophilic vs hydrophobic

Water loving
Water fearing

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Hydrolysis

Break down of large molecule by adding water

Dehydration synthesis

Two molecules form larger molecules with water as product

Function of carbohydrates

Provide most chemical energy needed to generate ATP

Lipids

Made of carbon hydrogen oxygen
Hydrophobic as less polar covalent bonds

Lipoproteins

Lipid molecules going with hydrophilic to become more soluble

Fatty acids

Lipid Carbonyl group, hydrocarbon chain Saturated: only single covalent bonds saturated with H Unsaturated: one ore more double covalent bonds

Triglycerides

Lipid Single glycerol (3 carbon molecule) and 3 fatty acids Fat: solid at room temp Saturated: mostly saturated fatty acids Unsaturated: one or more double covalent bonds Oil: liquid at room temp mostly unsaturated fatty acids Monounsaturated: mostly monounsaturated fatty acids (one kink) Polyunsaturated: mostly polyunsaturated fatty acids (more than one kink)

Phospholipids

Lipid Glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid chains, phosphate group, small charged group Polar head, no polar tails = amphipathic

Steroids

Lipids Four rings of carbon Cholesterol: needed for cell membranes Estrogen/testosterone: regulate sexual functions Bile salts: digestion/absorption Cortisol: regulate blood sugar Vitamin D: bone growth

Eicosanoids

Lipid 20 carbon fatty acid chain, arachidonic acid Leukotrienes: allergic response/inflammation Prostaglandins: modify response to hormones, enlarge airways, regulate temp

Lipid function

Fatty acids: synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids, catabolized=ATP Triglycerides: protect/insulate/provide energy Phospholipids: cell membrane Steroids: many Eicosanoids: hormone response,inflammation, dilate airways, body temp

Protein building blocks

Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen

Amino acids

Protein Monomers, H atom 3 function groups (amino,carbonyl, R group) attached to carbon Dipeptide: 2 amino acids bonded by peptide bonds Tripeptide: 3 a.a Peptide: 4-9 Polypeptide: 10-2000 or more

Enzymes

Protein Catalysts Apoenzyme: protein portion Cofactor: non protein portions Highly specific (active site) Efficient Subject to variety of cellular controls

Protein Function

Structural Regulatory Contractile Immunological Transport Catalytic

DNA vs RNA

Nucleic acids: nitrogenous base, pentode sugar, phosphate groups DNA: makes a gene, double helix, A=T, nuclear/mitochondrial RNA: instructions to guid protein synthesis, one strand, A=U, transfer/ribosomal/messenger

Nucleotide component s

Nitrogenous base: Purines: larger A.G Pyrimidines: smaller C.T A=T, C=G Pentose sugar: deoxyribose/ribose Phosphate group: alternate with pentose sugar to form backbone

ATP

ATP+H2O—>ADP+phosphate group+energy Enzyme:ATphase ADP+P+E—>ATP+H2O Enzyme: ATP synthase Energy needed comes from catabolism of glucose (cellular respiration)

Matter

Anything occupying space

Mass

Amount of matter doesn’t xhange

Weight

Force of gravity acting on matter does change

Subatomic particles

Protons neutrons electrons

Atomic number

Number of protons

Mass number

Sunday of protons and neutrons

Isotopes

Same element different neutrons=differs mass number

Radioactive isotope

Unstable

Atomic mass

Average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes

Electrolyte

Ionic compound that’s breaks into positive and negative ions in a solution

Concentration

Measured by Mass/V (# of grams of a substance to 100mL solution) Mole/L (1 mole in one L of soliton)

Dissociate

Separate into ions surround by water molecules

Denaturation

Loss of shape equals loss of function