Chapter 1

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

Study of body structures and relationships among them

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

Study of body functions

Question 3

Integumentary

Answer 3

Skin hair nails oil/sweat glands
Function: protection, regulate temp, touch sensation, store fat, vitamin D, eliminate wastes

Question 4

Skeletal

Answer 4

Bones joints cartilage
Function: supports body, muscle attachment

Question 5

Muscular system

Answer 5

Skeletal cardiac smooth
Function: movement, produced heat

Question 6

Nervous System

Answer 6

Brain spine special sense organs
Function: action potential, detects change, interprets/responds

Question 7

Endocrine system

Answer 7

Glands tested ovaries
Function: regulates body’s activities via hormones

Question 8

Cardiovascular system

Answer 8

Blood heart BV
Function: carries O2/CO2/waste, defend against disease, repairs

Question 9

Digestive system

Answer 9

GI tract, mouth, pharynx
Function: physical/chemical breakdown of nutrients, absorb nutrients, eliminate solid waste

Question 10

Urinary system

Answer 10

Kidneys ureter urinary bladder
Function: urine, regulate chemicals of blood, maintain mineral balance, regulate body fluid pH

Question 11

Reproductive

Answer 11

Gonads, associated organs
Function: produce gamete’s/milk

Question 12

Lymphatic system

Answer 12

Spleen thymus lymph nodes tonsils
Function: carries proteins fats B cells/ T cells

Question 13

Respiratory system

Answer 13

Lungs pharynx trachea
Function: O2/CO2/sounds/pH

Question 14

6 levels of structural organization

Answer 14

Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organismal

Question 15

Chemical level

Answer 15

Atoms/molecules
Participates in chemical reactions

Question 16

Cellular level

Answer 16

Made of many molecules
Smallest functioning unit

Question 17

Tissue level

Answer 17

Group of cells working towards same function
Epithelial connective muscular nervous

Question 18

Organ level

Answer 18

2 or more tissues working together for specific function

Question 19

System level

Answer 19

Related organs with specific functions

Question 20

Organismal level

Answer 20

All parts of human body functioning together

Question 21

Important life processes

Answer 21

Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction

Question 22

Metabolism

Answer 22

Sum of all chemical reactions in body

Catabolism: decomposition, breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

Anabolism: synthesis, building up of complex chemical substances from simpler components

Question 23

Responsiveness

Answer 23

Ability to detect/respond to changes

Question 24

Movement

Answer 24

Motion of whole body, individual organs, single cells, structures in cells

Question 25

Growth

Answer 25

Increase size of existing cells, number of cells, both or material between cells

Question 26

Differentiation

Answer 26

Development of cell from in unspecialized to specialized Stem cell: precursor cells that divide/give rise to cells that undergo differentiation

Question 27

Reproduction

Answer 27

New cells for tissues growth, repair, replacement Production of new individual

Question 28

Homeostasis def

Answer 28

Maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment Mostly by nervous/endocrine system

Question 29

ICF vs ECF

Answer 29

Inside cells Outside cells

Question 30

Types of ECF/where they’re found

Answer 30

Interstitial: between cells Blood plasma: in BV Lymph: in lymphatic vessels Cerebrospinal: in/around brain/spinal cord Synovial: in joints Aqueous humour/vitreous body: eye

Question 31

Components of feedback system

Answer 31

Receptor: monitors changes, sends input (nerve impulses, chemical signals) Afferent pathway: to CC Control center: sets narrow range/set point, evaluates input, generates output (nerve impulse, hormones) Efferent pathway: away from CC Effector: receives output, produces response

Question 32

Controlled condition

Answer 32

Monitored variable

Question 33

Stimulus

Answer 33

Disruption changing controlled condition

Question 34

Negative vs positive feedback system

Answer 34

Reverses change (regulation of blood pressure Strengthens/Reinforces change (childbirth, major blood loss)

Question 35

Disorder vs disease

Answer 35

Abnormality in structure or function Disease: illness with set signs/symptoms

Question 36

Symptom vs sign

Answer 36

Subjective changes Objective changes that can be measured

Question 37

Major body regions

Answer 37

Head Neck Trunk Upper limbs Lower limbs

Question 38

Cephalic

Answer 38

Head

Question 39

Cranial

Answer 39

Skull

Question 40

Cervical

Answer 40

Neck

Question 41

Frontal

Answer 41

Forehead

Question 42

Orbital/ocular

Answer 42

Eye

Question 43

Otic

Answer 43

Ear

Question 44

Buccal

Answer 44

Cheek

Question 45

Mental

Answer 45

Chin

Question 46

Axillary

Answer 46

Armpit

Question 47

Brachial

Answer 47

Arm

Question 48

Anticubital

Answer 48

Front of elbow

Question 49

Antibracheal

Answer 49

Forearm

Question 50

Carpal

Answer 50

Wrist

Question 51

Femoral

Answer 51

Thigh

Question 52

Patellar

Answer 52

Anterior of knee

Question 53

Crustal

Answer 53

Leg

Question 54

Pedal

Answer 54

Foot

Question 55

Tarsal

Answer 55

Ankle

Question 56

Dorsum

Answer 56

Top of foot

Question 57

Hallux

Answer 57

Big toe

Question 58

Plantar

Answer 58

Sole

Question 59

Calcaneal

Answer 59

Heel

Question 60

Sural

Answer 60

Calf

Question 61

Popliteal

Answer 61

Posterior of knee

Question 62

Perineal

Answer 62

Anus

Question 63

Manual

Answer 63

Hand

Question 64

Pollex

Answer 64

Thumb

Question 65

Inguinal

Answer 65

Groin

Question 66

Coxal

Answer 66

Hip

Question 67

Scapular

Answer 67

Shoulder blade

Question 68

Olecranal/cubital

Answer 68

Back of elbow

Question 69

Sacral

Answer 69

Between hips

Question 70

Dorsal

Answer 70

Back

Question 71

Planes

Answer 71

Sagittal: L/R Midsaggital: L/R on midline Parasagittal: L/R not on midline Transverse: superior/inferior Frontal: anterior/posterior Oblique: anything other than 90°

Question 72

Abdomen regions

Answer 72

R hypochondriac, epigastric, L hypochondriac R lumbar, umbilical, L lumbar R inguinal, hypogastric, L inguinal

Question 73

Major body cavities

Answer 73

Cranial Vertebral Thoracic Abdominopelvic cavity

Question 74

Thoracic cavity/membrane

Answer 74

Pericardial cavity: surrounds heart (visceral/parietal pericardium) Pleural Cavity: one around each lung (visceral/parietal pleura) Mediastinum: central part from first rib to diaphragm and vertebral column to sternum

Question 75

Abdominopelvic cavity/membrane

Answer 75

Abdominal cavity: stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, SI, most of LI (visceral/parietal peritoneum) Pelvic cavity: bladder, part of LI, reproductive organs

Question 76

Membrane

Answer 76

Not open to exterior/reduce friction between organs Parietal: lines walls Visceral: lines organs

Question 77

Retroperitoneal

Answer 77

Organs posterior to peritoneal cavity

Question 78

Prone Supine

Answer 78

Face down Face up

Question 79

Superior (cephalic/cranial) Inferior (caudal)

Answer 79

Toward head Away from head

Question 80

Posterior (dorsal) Anterior (ventral)

Answer 80

Back of body Front of body

Question 81

Medial Lateral

Answer 81

Nearer midline Farther midline

Question 82

Intermediate

Answer 82

Between two structures

Question 83

Ipsilateral Contralateral

Answer 83

Same side of body Opposite site of body

Question 84

Proximal Distal

Answer 84

Closer to trunk attachment Farther from trunk

Question 85

Superficial Deep

Answer 85

Towards Surface of skin Farther from surface of skin