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Biol235 Quiz 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Three parts of a cell

A

Cytosol: ICF (water, dissolved solutes, suspended material)

Organelles: specific functions/shape

Nucleus: houses DNA has chromosomes (single molecule of DNA) that contain genes

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2
Q

Cytoplasm vs cytosol

A

Cytoplasm: houses everything in a cell besides membrane/nucleus

Cytosol: fluid portion of cytoplasm

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3
Q

Lipid Bilayer characteristics

A

75% phospholipids (amphiatic), cholesterol (amphiatic), glycolipids (only in layer facing ECF)

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4
Q

Protein arrangement in lipid bilayer (integral, trasbmembrane, glycoproteins, peripheral)

A

Integral: firmly embedded into/through lipid bilayer (amphiatic)

Transmembrane proteins: integral proteins protruding into Cytosol/ECF

Glycoproteins: integral proteins with carbohydrate group attached

Peripheral Proteins: not firmly embedded, attracted to polar head/integral proteins

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5
Q

Ion channels

A

Selective pores/holes for ions to travel

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6
Q

Carriers/transporters

A

Move polar substance/ion

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7
Q

Receptor

A

Cellular recognition sites, binds specific ligand

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8
Q

Enzyme

A

Catalyze chemical reactions

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9
Q

Linker

A

Anchor proteins together or to microfilaments

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10
Q

Cell identity marker

A

Recognize cells/respond

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11
Q

Membrane fluidity

A

Double bond=kink=can’t pack together tightly=fluidity

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12
Q

Selective permeability

A

Some substances pass more easily than other in lipid bilayer
More hydrophobic/lipid soluble=more permeable

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13
Q

Highly permeable substances

A

Non polar, CO2, steroids

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14
Q

Moderately permeable substances

A

Small uncharged, polar molecules

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15
Q

Impermeable substances

A

Ions, large uncharged polar

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16
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Electrical: inner surface plasma membrane=neg charge, outer surface=pos charge

Concentration: difference in concentration

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17
Q

Membrane potential

A

Electrical gradient across membrane

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18
Q

Passive transport/what makes it easier

A

No energy, move down gradient

Steepness of concentration gradient: higher concentration difference= faster
Temperature: higher temp=faster
Mass of diffusing substance: larger mass=slower
Surface area: larger SA=faster
Diffusion distance: greater distance=slower

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19
Q

Active transport def/types

A

Energy used, moves against gradient

Primary active
Secondary active
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Bull phase endocytosis
Exocytosis
Transcytosis

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20
Q

Passive transport types

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

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21
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Movement down fence ration gradient not using transmembrane proteins

-nonpolar, hydrophobic solutes: (O2,CO2,N gases)

fatty acids, steroids, fat soluble vitamins

-polar molecules : water, urea, small alcohols

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22
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Simple but uses tans-membrane proteins (carriers/channels)

-polar or charged solutes, glucose, fructose, galactose, vitamins, K+, Cl-, Na+, Ca2+

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23
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water molecules from high to low water concentration

-solvent: water

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24
Q

Primary active transport

A

Against concentration gradient by pumps using energy supplied by hydrolysis of ATP

Ions: Na, K, Ca, H, I, Cl (pretend they have charges)

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25
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Uses energy indirectly

Anitporters: move 2 substances in opp direction
Symporters: move 2 substances in same direction

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26
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Ligand-receptor complexes trigger infolding of clathrin-coated pit that forms a vesicle containing ligands

-transferrin, low density lipoproteins, vitamins, hormones, antibodies

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27
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating

-bacteria, viruses, dead/aged cells

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28
Q

Bulk phase endocytosis

A

Cell drinking

-solutes in ECF

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29
Q

Exocytosis

A

Move substances out of a cell in secretory vesicles

-neurotransmitters, hormones, digestive enzymes

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30
Q

Transcytosis

A

Endocytosis on one side Exocytosis on the other

-antibodies between blood plasma and interstitial fluid

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31
Q

Cytoplasm structure/function

A

Cytosol: 55% of cell volume, mostly water
-sure if chemical reactions

Cytoskeleton: made of protein filaments, extends through Cytosol
-microfilaments
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules

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32
Q

Microfilaments

A

Thinnest

Generate movement/provide support (microvilli=increase SA)

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33
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Stabilize position of organelles/attach cells to one another

34
Q

Microtubules

A

Made of tubulin

Shape of cell/movement of organelles/specialized cell projections

35
Q

Centrosome

A

Microtubules organizing center
Pair of centrioles+pericentriolar matrix

Contains tubulins for growth of mitotic spindle/microtubule formation

36
Q

Cilia/flagella

A

Cilia: oar beating, move fluid along cells surface

Flagella: wavelike, move entire cell

37
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

Along ER, in nucleus, along nuclear membrane

38
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough: has ribosome, folded along nuclear membrane
- produce secretory, membrane, organellar proteins

Smooth: no ribosomes, extend from rough
-synthesize fatty acids/steroid, inactivates/detoxifies drugs, removed phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate, releases calcium ions that trigger contraction in cells

39
Q

Golgi complex

A

Consist of 3-20 cisterns
Entry, medial, exit face
-proteins move from entry to exit by transport vesicles, leave through secretly/membrane vesicles after being modified/sorted/packaged

40
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles formed from golgi complex

Powerful digestive/hydrolytic enzymes that break molecules once lysosomes fuse with vesicle, recycle worn out cell structures

41
Q

Autophagy

A

Digestion of organelles

42
Q

Autolysis

A

Digestion of entire cell

43
Q

Perioxomes

A

Contain several oxidases (enzymes that oxidize several substances)

44
Q

Proteasomes

A

Destruction of uneeded/damaged/faulty proteins

45
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell/generate most ATP
External and internal (mitochondrial cristae (folds), mitochondrial matrix) membrane

46
Q

Structure/function of nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope: double membrane=lipid bolsters

Nuclear pores: openings controlling movements between cytoplasm and nucleus

Chromosomes: consists of genes confront cellular structures/functions

47
Q

Genes

A

Hereditary unburden, arranged along chromosomes

48
Q

Nucleoli

A

Produce ribosomes
Synthesize rRNA

49
Q

Chromatin

A

Forms chromosomes, bead on string structure

50
Q

Neculosome

A

Bead of chromatin
Histones: 8 form bead

51
Q

Linker DNA

A

String of chromatin

52
Q

Genome

A

Genetic information in a cell/organism

53
Q

Protein synthesis events

A

Transcription
Translation

54
Q

Transcription

A

mRNA binds to ribosomal subunit, initiator tRNA binds to start codon on mRNA, codes for methionine

Large+small ribosomal attatch=functioning ribosome, imitator tRNA with methionine go to P site

Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA at A site

Amino acid on tRNA at P site form peptide bond with amino acid at A

2-peptide born moves fully to A site

Everything shifts one codon A—>P, P—>E

Continuous until stop codon UAG

55
Q

Protein synthesis site letters order

A

E,P,A

56
Q

Somatic cell division

A

Mitosis (interphase, mitotic phase)
Cytokinesis

57
Q

Interphase

A

G1: cel metabolically active, duplicates organs/cystolic components, centrosome replication begins (8-10 hours)
S: DNA replicated (8 hours)
G2: growth continues, enzymes/proteins synthesized, centrosome replication completed (4-6 hours)
G0: nondividing cell

58
Q

Mitotic phase

A

Prophase: chromatin divers condense/shorten into chromosomes, centrosome from mitotic spindle, chromatids separate, nucleus/nuclear envelope disappears

Metaphase centromere align along. Metaphase plate

Anaphase: centromeres split=seperate chromatid pairs into chromosome

Telophase: chromosomes uncoil to chromatin form, nucleolus reappears, mitotic spindle breaks

59
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cleave furrow, contractile ring tightens until cell splits
Starts during late anaphase

60
Q

Reproduce cell division

A

Meiosis 1
Meiosis 2

61
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Prophase 1:
-synopsis: two sister chromatids of each pair of homologous chromosomes pair off
-tetrads: resulting 4 chromatids form tetrad
-crossing over: exchange of genes between chromatids
-genetic recombination: formation of new gene combination

Anaphase: paired chromosomes remain together

Otherwise same as mitosis

62
Q

Meiosis 2

A

Same as mitosis but ends with four haploid cells genetically different from starting cell, don’t copy DNA in interphase 2

63
Q

Size of cells

A

Micrometers: 1/1000000 of a meter
8micrometers to 140 micrometers

64
Q

Shape of cells

A

RBC: flat for SA for oxygen passing
Microvilli on epithelial cells: increase SA for digestion in GI
Nerves: long extension to conduct never impulses over great distances
Smooth muscle cell: log spindle shape contracts to allow more/Les blood flow

65
Q

Crenation

A

Water molecules leave cell shrinking them

66
Q

Hemolysis

A

RBC burst from too much water

67
Q

Tonicity

A

Measure of the solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content

68
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Cells maintain regular shape

69
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Lower concentration of solutes than Cytosol in cells

70
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Higher concentration of solutes than Cytosol in cells

71
Q

Aquaporins

A

Integral membrane proteins acting as a water channel

72
Q

Hydrostatic pressure vs osmotic pressure

A

Pushing force due to more fluid in one area

Pulling force due to solutes in one area

73
Q

Autophagosome

A

Vesicle created by ER to first organelle during autophagy

74
Q

Apoptosis

A

Orderly genetic programming of a cells death

75
Q

Proteome

A

All of an organisms proteins

76
Q

Codon

A

3 nucleotides ex AUG

77
Q

Genetic code

A

Set of rules relating base triplet of DNA codon to RNA/amino acids

78
Q

Somatic cell

A

Anything other than a germ cell

79
Q

Germ cell

A

Gamete (sperm, oocyte)

80
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

81
Q

Haploid

A

1 set of chromosomes

Biol235 Quiz 1 (5 decks)

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