Chapter 4 Flashcards
-Beliefs and feelings related to a person or an event.
-Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond favorably or unfavorably to objects, people, and events.
ATTITUDE
Difference of attitude and Behavior
ATTITUDE
Our inside beliefs- What we are inside-
BEHAVIOR
-Our outside action -What we do outside
THREE DIMENSIONS OF ATTITUDE
-AFFECT (feelings)
-BEHAVIOR (tendency to act)
-COGNITION (thoughts)
Disjuncture between attitudes and actions. What people say often differs from what they do.
MORAL HYPOCRISY
ATTITUDES CAN PREDICT BEHAVIOR WHEN:
-Social influences on what we say are minimal
-When other influences on behavior are minimal
-When attitudes are specific to the behavior
-When attitudes are potent
Measure implicit (unconscious) attitudes Use time reaction to measure how quickly people associate concepts.
IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TEST (IAT)
A center for threat perception
Active when we automatically evaluate social stimuli.
High activity = Automatic association
AMYGDALA
SOME CRITICISMS OF IAT
Low test-retest reliability
Topic of discrimination is still controversial
POSITIVE OF IAT
Confirms dual processing; our capacity to (1) automatically think and (2) manually think.
Overall batting average of a certain behavior. Effects of an attitude become more apparent.
PRINCIPLE OF AGGREGATION
Knowing people’s intended behavior and their perceived self-efficacy, and control.
All together create good intention leading to guided behavior
THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave.
ROLE
Guards and prisoners in the Stanford prison simulation quickly absorbed the roles they played
STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT
We see making a good impression as a way to gain social and material rewards, to feel better about ourselves, even to become more secure in our social identities
SELF-PRESENTATION: IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
ATTITUDES-FOLLOW-BEHAVIOR THEORIES
Self-presentation Theory
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Self-perception Theory
A tendency to feel tension, when two of our thoughts or beliefs are inconsistent
SELF-JUSTIFICATION: COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
The tendency of individuals to unconsciously dismiss evidence that does not reflect the beliefs that predominate in their group
Identity-protective Cognition
Reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’s behavior when external justification is “insufficient”
Insufficient Justification
The desirable features of what you had rejected and the undesirable features of what you had chosen
Dissonant cognitions
When we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us - by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occur
SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY
Tendency of facial expressions to rigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.
Motions trigger emotions.
FACIAL FEEDBACK EFFECT
Result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather tha intrinsically appearing.
OVERJUSTIFICATION EFFECT
Does not diminish intrinsic interest because people can still attribute their actions to their own motivations.
UNANTICIPATED REWARDS AND PRAISE
2 OVERJUSTIFICATION EFFECT
External reward- Extrinsic Motivation
No external reward- Intrinsic Motivation
People often experience a self-image threat after engaging in an undesirable behavior
SELF-AFFIRMATION THEORY
Difference of Dissonance Theory and Self-Perception Theory
DISSONANCE THEORY
Attitudes are well formed ;Explains attitude change
SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY
Attitudes are not well formed ;Explains attitude formation
