Chapter 1

Question 1

is a scientific study of how people think about, influence and relate to one
another.

Answer 1

Social Psychology

Question 2

– the study of people in groups and societies/social structure and organization

Answer 2

Sociology

Question 3

focuses more on individuals and perform more experiments.

Answer 3

Social Psychology

Question 4

is focused on situations in which they are interested in the impact of the social environment (controlled) and the group interactions have on attitudes and behaviors

Answer 4

Social psychology

Question 5

3 Principles of social psychology.

Answer 5

social thinking
social influences
social relations

Question 6

Is More Focused on Individuals’ Attitudes

Answer 6

➢ Social Psychology

Question 7

Is More Focused on Society as a Whole

Answer 7

Sociology

Question 8

Social psychology looks at the “———” level of analysis, while sociology looks at the “———” level of analysis.

Answer 8

micro & macro

Question 9

——— Studies How People Respond to Their Environments, while ——— Studies Social Relationships

Answer 9

Social Psychology
Sociology

Question 10

———Look at Individual Behaviors Within a Specific Time Frame While ——— Study the Conditions That Affect a Group’s Development Over Time.

Answer 10

Social Psychologists

Sociologists

Question 11

7 Big Ideas in Social Psychology

Answer 11

Social thinking
1. We construct our social reality.
2. Our social intuitions are powerful, sometimes perilous.
3. Attitudes shape, and are shaped by, behavior.
Social influences
4. Social influences shape behavior
5. Dispositions shape behavior
Social relations
6. Social behavior is also biological behavior
7. Feelings and actions toward people are sometimes negative and sometimes positive

Question 12

2 Contradictory Criticisms to Social Psychology

Answer 12

*It is trivial because it documents the obvious
*It is dangerous because its findings could be used to manipulate people

Question 13

the tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out. Also known as “l-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon.
* is our tendency to look back at an event that we could not predict at the time and think the outcome was easily predictable.

Answer 13

Hindsight bias

Question 14

Hindsight bias is a type of——— that causes people to convince themselves that a past event was predictable or inevitable.

Answer 14

cognitive bias

Question 15

• is an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events; scientific shorthand.
• often means “less than fact” - a middle rung on a confidence ladder from guess to theory to fact

Answer 15

theory

Question 16

———are agreed -upon statements about what we observe. ——— are ideas that summarize and explain facts.

Answer 16

Facts
Theories

Question 17

Theories not only summarize but also imply testable predictions called ———.

Answer 17

hypotheses

Question 18

a testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.

Answer 18

hypotheses

Question 19

• effectively summarizes many observations, and
• makes clear predictions that we can use to..

Answer 19

good theory

Question 20

people who will participate in the study, a representative of the population.

Answer 20

Sample

Question 21

a permissible or tolerable degree of deviation from a correct or exact value or target.

Answer 21

margin of error

Question 22

one in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion.

Answer 22

random sample

Question 23

determines how closely the results are likely to resemble the whole population, no matter the size of the population

Answer 23

Sample size

Question 24

the way a question or an issue is posed; can influence people’s decisions and expressed opinions.

Answer 24

Framing

Question 25

the way a question or an issue is posed; can influence people’s decisions and expressed opinions.

Answer 25

Framing

Question 26

asking two or more factors are naturally associated/relationships among variables

Answer 26

Correlational

Question 27

asking two or more factors are naturally associated/relationships among variables

Answer 27

Correlational

Question 28

manipulating some factors to see its effect on another; studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant)

Answer 28

Experimental

Question 29

when two variables correlate, ANY combination of THREE explanations is possible. Either one may cause the other, or both may be affected by an UNDERLYING “THIRD FACTOR.”

Answer 29

Correlation and Causations

Question 30

(experiment/infer in cause and effect) the process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiments such as ALL persons have the same chance of being in a given condition.

Answer 30

Random Assignment

Question 31

repeating a research study, often with different participants in different settings, to determine whether a finding could be reproduced

Answer 31

Replication

Question 32

“study of studies” that analyzes many studies on the same topic; emphasis on summarizing the results across many different studies to discover the average effect.

Answer 32

Meta-analysis

Question 33

Ethical principles (APA, 2017)

Answer 33

▪ Informed consent
▪ Be truthful.
▪ Protect participants (bystanders, if any) from harm and significant discomfort.
▪ Keep information about individual participants confidential.
▪ Debrief participants.