Chapter 1 Flashcards
is a scientific study of how people think about, influence and relate to one
another.
Social Psychology
– the study of people in groups and societies/social structure and organization
Sociology
focuses more on individuals and perform more experiments.
Social Psychology
is focused on situations in which they are interested in the impact of the social environment (controlled) and the group interactions have on attitudes and behaviors
Social psychology
3 Principles of social psychology.
social thinking
social influences
social relations
Is More Focused on Individuals’ Attitudes
➢ Social Psychology
Is More Focused on Society as a Whole
Sociology
Social psychology looks at the “———” level of analysis, while sociology looks at the “———” level of analysis.
micro & macro
——— Studies How People Respond to Their Environments, while ——— Studies Social Relationships
Social Psychology
Sociology
———Look at Individual Behaviors Within a Specific Time Frame While ——— Study the Conditions That Affect a Group’s Development Over Time.
Social Psychologists
Sociologists
7 Big Ideas in Social Psychology
Social thinking
1. We construct our social reality.
2. Our social intuitions are powerful, sometimes perilous.
3. Attitudes shape, and are shaped by, behavior.
Social influences
4. Social influences shape behavior
5. Dispositions shape behavior
Social relations
6. Social behavior is also biological behavior
7. Feelings and actions toward people are sometimes negative and sometimes positive
2 Contradictory Criticisms to Social Psychology
*It is trivial because it documents the obvious
*It is dangerous because its findings could be used to manipulate people
the tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out. Also known as “l-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon.
* is our tendency to look back at an event that we could not predict at the time and think the outcome was easily predictable.
Hindsight bias
Hindsight bias is a type of——— that causes people to convince themselves that a past event was predictable or inevitable.
cognitive bias
- is an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events; scientific shorthand.
- often means “less than fact” - a middle rung on a confidence ladder from guess to theory to fact
theory
———are agreed -upon statements about what we observe. ——— are ideas that summarize and explain facts.
Facts
Theories
Theories not only summarize but also imply testable predictions called ———.
hypotheses
a testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.
hypotheses
- effectively summarizes many observations, and
- makes clear predictions that we can use to..
good theory
people who will participate in the study, a representative of the population.
Sample
a permissible or tolerable degree of deviation from a correct or exact value or target.
margin of error
one in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion.
random sample
determines how closely the results are likely to resemble the whole population, no matter the size of the population
Sample size
the way a question or an issue is posed; can influence people’s decisions and expressed opinions.
Framing
the way a question or an issue is posed; can influence people’s decisions and expressed opinions.
Framing
asking two or more factors are naturally associated/relationships among variables
Correlational
asking two or more factors are naturally associated/relationships among variables
Correlational
manipulating some factors to see its effect on another; studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant)
Experimental
when two variables correlate, ANY combination of THREE explanations is possible. Either one may cause the other, or both may be affected by an UNDERLYING “THIRD FACTOR.”
Correlation and Causations
(experiment/infer in cause and effect) the process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiments such as ALL persons have the same chance of being in a given condition.
Random Assignment
repeating a research study, often with different participants in different settings, to determine whether a finding could be reproduced
Replication
“study of studies” that analyzes many studies on the same topic; emphasis on summarizing the results across many different studies to discover the average effect.
Meta-analysis
Ethical principles (APA, 2017)
▪ Informed consent
▪ Be truthful.
▪ Protect participants (bystanders, if any) from harm and significant discomfort.
▪ Keep information about individual participants confidential.
▪ Debrief participants.
