Chapter 3

Question 1

intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking

Answer 1

automatic processing.

Question 2

deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking.

Answer 2

controlled processing.

Question 3

is the awakening or activating of certain associations

What’s out of sight may not be completely out of mind. Combination of sensing and perception

Answer 3

Priming

Question 4

The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments

Answer 4

Embodied Cognition

Question 5

Our thinking is partly automatic and partly controlled

Many routine cognitive functions occur automatically, unintentionally, without awareness.

Answer 5

INTUITIVE JUDGMENTS
The Powers of Intuition

Question 6

The tendency to be more confident than correct — to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs

Answer 6

Overconfidence phenomenon

Question 7

A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions. People also tend not to seek information that might disprove what they believe.

Answer 7

Confirmation bias

Question 8

The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member

Answer 8

representativeness heuristic

Question 9

a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments

Answer 9

Heuristics

Question 10

a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace

Answer 10

Availability Heuristic-

Question 11

mentally simulating what might have been
Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.

Answer 11

counterfactual thinking

Question 12

Search for order in random events, a tendency that can lead us down all sorts of wrong paths

Answer 12

ILLUSORY THINKING

Question 13

Perceived when we easily associate random events by expecting to find significant relationships

Answer 13

ILLUSORY CORRELATION

Question 14

Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives

Answer 14

BELIEF PERSEVERANCE

Question 15

analyzes how we explain people’s behavior and what we infer from it

Answer 15

ATTRIBUTION THEORY

Question 16

it is something within the person we observe such as their personality, attitudes, abilities

Answer 16

INTERNAL CAUSES

Question 17

it is caused by something outside the person we observe, such as their situation, environment

Answer 17

EXTERNAL CAUSES—> SITUATIONAL ATTRIBUTION

Question 18

mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source. It is particularly likely when men are in positions of power.

Answer 18

MISATTRIBUTION

Question 19

We often assume or infer that other people’s actions are indicative of their intentions and dispositions

Answer 19

SPONTANEOUS TRAIT INFERENCE

Question 20

the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon other’s behavior.

Answer 20

FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR

Question 21

Attribution theorists have pointed out that we observe others from a different perspective than we observe ourselves

Answer 21

PERSPECTIVE AND SITUATIONAL AWARENES

Question 22

Cultures also influence attribution error, An individualistic Western worldview predisposes people to assume that people, not situations, cause events. Yet people in Eastern Asian cultures are somewhat more sensitive than Westerners to the importance of situations.

Answer 22

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

Question 23

TO REVEAL HOW WE THINK ABOUT OURSELVES AND OTHERS

Answer 23

-Understanding our perceptions
-Recognizing the impact of our perceptions
-Improving our relationships

Question 24

THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR IS HUMANITARIAN

Answer 24

-Understanding the impact of biases on others
-Promoting equality and justice
-Encouraging empathy and compassion

Question 25

WE ARE MOSTLY UNAWARE OF THEM AND CAN BENEFIT FROM GREATER AWARENESS

Answer 25

-Understanding our own biases
- Improving our decision making Enhancing our interpersonal relationships
-Promoting social justice

Question 26

beliefs that lead to its own fulfillment.

Answer 26

Self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 27

a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations

Answer 27

behavioral confirmation