Chapter 3 Flashcards
intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking
automatic processing.
deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking.
controlled processing.
is the awakening or activating of certain associations
What’s out of sight may not be completely out of mind. Combination of sensing and perception
Priming
The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments
Embodied Cognition
Our thinking is partly automatic and partly controlled
Many routine cognitive functions occur automatically, unintentionally, without awareness.
INTUITIVE JUDGMENTS
The Powers of Intuition
The tendency to be more confident than correct — to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs
Overconfidence phenomenon
A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions. People also tend not to seek information that might disprove what they believe.
Confirmation bias
The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member
representativeness heuristic
a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments
Heuristics
a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace
Availability Heuristic-
mentally simulating what might have been
Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.
counterfactual thinking
Search for order in random events, a tendency that can lead us down all sorts of wrong paths
ILLUSORY THINKING
Perceived when we easily associate random events by expecting to find significant relationships
ILLUSORY CORRELATION
Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives
BELIEF PERSEVERANCE
analyzes how we explain people’s behavior and what we infer from it
ATTRIBUTION THEORY
it is something within the person we observe such as their personality, attitudes, abilities
INTERNAL CAUSES
it is caused by something outside the person we observe, such as their situation, environment
EXTERNAL CAUSES—> SITUATIONAL ATTRIBUTION
mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source. It is particularly likely when men are in positions of power.
MISATTRIBUTION
We often assume or infer that other people’s actions are indicative of their intentions and dispositions
SPONTANEOUS TRAIT INFERENCE
the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon other’s behavior.
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
Attribution theorists have pointed out that we observe others from a different perspective than we observe ourselves
PERSPECTIVE AND SITUATIONAL AWARENES
Cultures also influence attribution error, An individualistic Western worldview predisposes people to assume that people, not situations, cause events. Yet people in Eastern Asian cultures are somewhat more sensitive than Westerners to the importance of situations.
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
TO REVEAL HOW WE THINK ABOUT OURSELVES AND OTHERS
-Understanding our perceptions
-Recognizing the impact of our perceptions
-Improving our relationships
THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR IS HUMANITARIAN
-Understanding the impact of biases on others
-Promoting equality and justice
-Encouraging empathy and compassion
WE ARE MOSTLY UNAWARE OF THEM AND CAN BENEFIT FROM GREATER AWARENESS
-Understanding our own biases
- Improving our decision making Enhancing our interpersonal relationships
-Promoting social justice
beliefs that lead to its own fulfillment.
Self-fulfilling prophecies
a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations
behavioral confirmation