Chapter 4 Flashcards
What caused Parliament to force James II out of power?
King James II tried to take back the power that Parliament gained after the English Civil War
Who was given the throne when King James II was forced out of power?
William and Mary
What was the effect of King James II’s dethroning?
The Glorious Revolution
What was the result of the Glorious Revolution?
The Parliament was given more power than the King.
What did the English Bill of Rights say?
Certain rights were guaranteed to the people
How did England view the colonies?
They viewed the colonies as an economic resource.
What is one raw material the colonies provided to England?
lumber
What did England do with the raw materials they received from the colonies?
They sold these to other nations.
What is the Navigation Act?
Law that limited the colonists’ rights to trade
How did the colonists first feel about the Navigation Act?
They accepted it because they were guaranteed a placed to sell raw materials.
What did the colonists eventually do because of the unfair restrictions of Navigation Act?
They would smuggle good to other countries for more money.
export
to send goods to another country
import
to buy goods that were made in another country
mercantilism
economic theory
smuggling
to trade illegally
Describe the population increase from 1700-1775.
it increased from 250,000 to 2.5 million
What are 2 reasons the population increased.
- immigration 2. women married young and had lots of children
What was the organization of a New England town?
- small farms were on the outskirts of town, 2. meeting house in the middle of town, 3. houses, small businesses
What was the main economic activity in the colonies?
farming
Why were farms in New England smaller than in the South?
- long winters, 2. thin, rocky soil, 3. hard to plant
What were New England’s main activities for men?
small businesses, items to sell, made weapons, built ships, and fished
What were New England’s main activities for women?
making garments, candles, and soap
Explain why ship building was an important industry in the New England colonies.
lumber needed to be transported down river to the ship yards
Who did New England farmers rely on for labor?
their children
What was triangular trade?
trade routes that form a triangle
What was the Middle Passage?
the trade route in which inslaved Africans were transported from Africa to the West Indes
What were the two largest colonial cities?
Philadelphia and New York City
Why were the largest cities so large?
They were near port cities
What did the diversity of the Middle Colonies lead to?
it lead to less racism by creating tolerance for different cultures
Why wasn’t there much industry in the South?
they had fertile land which allowed farming
Describe the layout of a plantation
large farm: big house, big garden, blacksmith, sick house, slave quarters
What were the slave codes?
Strict rules that govern slaves, that punish and restrict slaves
What was illegal to teach slaves to do?
read and write
What often happened to families of enslaved Africans?
the families were separated
What were some groups that were against slavery?
Puritans, Quakers, and Mennonites
How do you think plantation owners justified their use of enslaved Africans?
they told themselves that their economy was dependent upon them
How was a plantation different than a subsistence farm?
Plantations grew lots of crops and had slaves, subsistence farms use their children to help grow crops and grew only what they needed to live
How was the tidewater different from the backcountry?
Tidewater- flat low plains by the sea, Backwater-hills and forests, near Appalachian Mountains
What did the British colonists think of the French?
They were scared of the French.
Why did the French scare the British colonists?
They were worried the French would take over and force them into Catholicism.
Who was General Edward Braddock?
the Commander of the British Forces
What was General Braddock’s mission?
He was to drive the French out of the Ohio River Valley.
General Braddock and his LARGE group of soldiers (1400) marked from Virginia to where?
Fort Duquesne
How long did this march take?
32 days
What is one reason this trip too so long?
The troops wasted time building bridges on almost every river they came to.
Who served as an aid to General Braddock?
George Washington
What suggestion did Washington give to Braddock?
to not have the soldiers march in rows and columns
How did Braddock react to Washington’s marching suggestion?
He ignored Washington’s suggestion
When was the Battle of Monongahela?
July 9, 1755
What occurred at the Battle of Monongahela?
The French and Indians were hiding behind trees and ambushed the British.
How many British soldiers died at the Battle of Monongahela?
1,000 of the 1,400 who were there
What happened to Braddock at Monongahela?
He died
Who brought the surviving 400 soldiers back to Virginia?
Washington
Who took command after Braddock’s death?
Washington
What happened to Washington during this battle?
2 horses were shot out from under him, got bullet holes in the sleeves
Why did Washington believe he survived at Monongahela?
God had a special plan for his life
Who declared war on whom?
Britain declared war on France in 1756.
What was the name of the war between Britain and France?
Seven Year War
Where did the Seven Year War take place?
In Europe, West Indies, and India
Who was Pittsburgh named after?
William Pitt
Who was William Pitt?
He was the British Prime Minister and Head of Parliament
Where was Pitt during the Seven Year War?
London
Who decided to pay the cost of the war?
Britain…caused a lot of debt
How did Britain decide to pay for the enormous war debt?
They decided to raise the taxes in the colony AFTER the war
What was the ultimate objective for Pitt?
He wanted to conquer French Canada
How did the war go for the British in 1758-1759?
There were many British victories…recaptured Fort Duquesne..
Who was the Battle of Quebec?
The British…even though it was supposedly impossible
What occurred on the Plains of Abraham?
The British made a surprise attack on fortress of Quebec…and defeated the French army
What was the decisive battle in the war between Britain and the French?
The British victory in the battle over Quebec
What occurred after the defeat at Quebec and the capture of Montreal?
The fighting ended
What was the purpose of the Treaty of Paris of 1763?
It ended the war
What did the French get out of the Treaty of Paris of 1763?
France kept islands in West Indes
What did the British get out of the Treaty of Paris of 1763?
France gave Canada and land east of Mississippi River to British, Spain gave Florida to Britain
What did the Spanish get out of the Treaty of Paris of 1763?
France gave Louisiana to Spain
What were speculators?
People who bought land with the intention of selling it for profit.
What did the Proclamation of 1763 say?
Stopped more fighting, created a western border for colonies, cancelled all previous land grants
What did King George III declare to be the western border of all colonies?
The Appalachian Mountains
What was the cause of increased conflict between the colonists and the British government?
The Proclamation of 1763
Who did the Proclamation of 1763 anger?
Speculators who wanted to become rich by buying and selling land.
What were the French doing that made the colonists want more help from Britain?
- French were building more forts, 2. Washington was defeated at Fort Necessity
What were 3 tactics used by the Indians toward the colonists?
- ambush them, 2. raid frontier farms, 3. kill settlers
