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7th Grade Social Studies > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What states were included in the Oregon Country?

A

Oregon, Washington, Idaho, & parts of Montana and Wyoming

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2
Q

What countries had originally claimed the Oregon Country?

A

Russia, Spain, Britain, and the US

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3
Q

What was the Adam-OnisTreaty about?

A

Access to the Pacific Ocean

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4
Q

What country controlled the norther border of California?

A

Spain

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5
Q

What country controlled Alaska?

A

Russia

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6
Q

Who controlled the area between northern California and Alaska?

A

it was open territory

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7
Q

What happened to the area between northern California and Alaska in the Adam-Onis Treaty?

A

It was to be joint occupied

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8
Q

Who were the first Americans in Oregon?

A

fur traders (beaver trappers)

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9
Q

Why did people want to trap beavers?

A

the skins were in great demand in America and Europe

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10
Q

What were the beaver trappers and fur traders called?

A

Mountain Men

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11
Q

What was Jedediah Smith famous for discovering?

A

He was a young trapper and hunter who discovered the South Pass in Wyoming that allowed families to travel west

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12
Q

Where did Jedidah Smith travel that made him famous?

A

He was the first to travel across the Great Basin of Utah and Nevada and over the Sierra Mountains into California

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13
Q

When did Americans begin traveling to Oregon?

A

1830s

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14
Q

Why did Americans travel to Oregon?

A
  1. fertile lands, 2. economic troubles, 3. mission work
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15
Q

What did Marcus Whitman do that made him famous?

A

He brought measles to a mission that ended up killing many Native children

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16
Q

What did the Native Americans do as a result of the measles outbreak?

A

They attacked and killed everyone in the Whitman mission

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17
Q

What was the Great Migration?

A

the first large scale migration to Oregon

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18
Q

Why did the Great Migration occur?

A

tens of thousands of people moved to Oregon in the 1840s due to the Panic of 1837

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19
Q

How long did it take for people to get to Oregon during the Great Migration?

A

about 5 months…they traveled about 1-2 mph…about 100 miles/week

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20
Q

Who rode in the prairie schooner wagons?

A

only the old, young, sick or pregnant….everyone else walked

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21
Q

What happened if one of the wagons fell behind?

A

they needed to catch up or be left behind to die

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22
Q

What might a wagon do to move faster?

A

dump any unnecessary items

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23
Q

What part did Natives play during the Great Migration?

A

they were helpful and did not attack often

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24
Q

How did most of the emigrants die?

A

diseases and accidents

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25
Q

What was the “Manifest Destiny”?

A

It was to overspread and possess the entire continent which Providence had given to the US

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26
Q

Who wrote the “Manifest Destiny”?

A

John O’Sullivan

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27
Q

What did John O’Sullivan believe?

A

America was destined to extend its boundaries to the Pacific Ocean

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28
Q

Who won the election of 1844

A

James Polk

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29
Q

What political party elected Polk?

A

Democratic

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30
Q

What did Polk support in the election?

A

America has sole ownership of Oregon

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31
Q

Fifty-four Forty or Fight

A

Polk’s campaign slogan…the latititude/longitude of Oregon’s northern border

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32
Q

Who was running for President in the Election of 1844?

A

Polk vs. Henry Clay

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33
Q

What political party supported Henry Clay?

A

Whig

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34
Q

What was Clay’s opinion about Oregon?

A

he did not have a strong opinion

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35
Q

What helped Polk win the election of 1844?

A

The Liberty Party (anti-slavery)….took many NY votes from Clay

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36
Q

How was the Oregon issue settled?

A

There was a compromise with Britain in 1846….49 degree latitude border….(still current border between US and Canada)

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37
Q

Who was Davy Crockett?

A

a Congressman from Tennessee who wanted a new start

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38
Q

What area of the US was Crockett helping?

A

he wanted to help Texas win independence

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39
Q

What two countries claimed land in Texas?

A

American (due to Louisiana Purchase) and Spain

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40
Q

What resolved the conflict over Texas?

A

The Adams-Onis Treaty

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41
Q

What did the US agree to in the Adam-Onis Treaty regarding Texas?

A

US agreed to drop all claimed to Texas

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42
Q

Who lived in Texas at this time?

A

few people…1. Tejanos, 2. Native Americans

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43
Q

Tejanos

A

Mexicans who claimed Texas as their home

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44
Q

What did Spain do to try to promote growth in Texas?

A

they offered tracts of land to those who would settle there

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45
Q

empresarios

A

people who got grants from the government and recruited settlers

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46
Q

Who was Stephen F. Austin?

A

The first empresario who recruited 300 families to live in Texas

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47
Q

What were the 3 new laws in Texas between 1823-1825?

A
  1. learn Spanish, 2. convert to Catholicism, 3. obey Mexican law
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48
Q

What started to cause tension in Texas in 1830?

A

There were more Americans than Mexicans…they did not adopt the ways of Mexicans

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49
Q

What did Texas do to try to stop more Americans from moving there?

A

All immigration from the US was outlawed

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50
Q

What happened that discouraged trade between the US and Texas?

A

a tax was placed on imported goods

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51
Q

How did Texas feel about the trade tax?

A

They were angry because their prosperity (wealth) depended upon trade with the US

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52
Q

What was another idea that discouraged new settlers to Texas?

A

they were planning to end slavery there

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53
Q

Who was Mexico’s president in 1833?

A

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

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54
Q

Why did Stephen Austin go to see President Santa Anna?

A

He demanded 1. remove the ban on Americans 2. make Texas a separate state

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55
Q

How did Santa Anna respond to Austin’s demands?

A
  1. removed ban but did not 2. let Texas be a separate state
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56
Q

What caused Austin to be arrested?

A

He wrote a letter to Texas telling it to prepare for independence

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57
Q

Why was Santa Anna no longer President of Texas?

A

He declared himself Dictator of Texas

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58
Q

What did Santa Anna do to start a conflict?

A

He sent troops to Gonzales

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59
Q

What did the Mexican troops try to do when they got to Gonzales?

A

They tried to capture a canon, but the Texans resisted

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60
Q

Who won at the first battle of the Texas Revolution?

A

Texans drove the Mexicans out

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61
Q

How many troops did Santa Anna bring to San Antonio?

A

4,000

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62
Q

What happened at the Alamo when the Mexican troops arrived?

A

157 Texans (including Crockett) were barricaded inside the Alamo

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63
Q

Who led the Texans at the Alamo?

A

Jim Bowie and William Barrett Travis

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64
Q

What did Travis do then the Mexicans arrived in San Antonio?

A

He sent a letter asking for help

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65
Q

What kind of help did Travis get after sending his letter?

A

32 volunteers showed up to help….now 4,000 Mexicans vs. 189 Texans

66
Q

How long did the siege last at the Alamo?

A

12 days

67
Q

How did the Texans keep the Mexicans from getting in to the Alamo?

A

kept them away with rifle fire

68
Q

What happened when Mexico attacked the Alamo?

A

there was a 90 minute battle where ALL of the Texans were killed

69
Q

How did Mexico do at the Battle at Alamo?

A

over 600 died

70
Q

What did the Texans do during the Alamo siege?

A

They wrote a constitution declaring their independence

71
Q

Who was named Commander in chief of the Texas army?

A

Sam Houston

72
Q

What was Houston known for in the past?

A

He had been the youngest governor in Tennessee history and only person to be governor in TWO states

73
Q

What did Houston do AFTER Texas became a state?

A

He worked in the Senate and spread the Gospel in Washington

74
Q

What happened at San Jacinto on April 21 in 1836?

A

900 Texans attacked 1300 Mexicans

75
Q

What did the Texan soliders yell as they attacked?

A

Remember the Alamo! Remember Goliad!

76
Q

What happened at the Battle at San Jacinto?

A

the 18 minute battle resulted in 600 Mexican deaths and 700 captured…including Santa Anna

77
Q

What happened when Santa Anna tried to escape?

A

He dressed as an ordinary soldier and hid in a marsh. He was captured by a soldier who did not recognize him…identity was revealed in prison

78
Q

What occurred as a result of the Battle at San Jacinto?

A

Santa Anna signed a treaty recognizing Texas’s independence

79
Q

Who became the first president of the Republic of Texas?

A

Sam Houston

80
Q

What happened when Houston asked for Texas to be annexed into the US?

A

Andrew Jackson refused

81
Q

Why did Jackson refuse for Texas to be annexed into the US?

A

the slavery issue

82
Q

What problems did Texas have when it became independent?

A
  1. political problems, 2. financial problems, 3. still fighting with Mexico, 4. debt
83
Q

What happened when Texas asked President Van Buren for annexation?

A

Refused because of the slavery issue

84
Q

What happened when Texas asked President Tyler for annexation?

A

He accepted but the Senate refused the annexation

85
Q

Which presidential candidate in the Election of 1844 supported the annexation of Texas?

A

Polk did….”Manifest Destiny”

86
Q

What state (number) did Texas become when it was annexed into the US?

A

it was the 28th state

87
Q

Who was elected governor of Texas?

A

Sam Houston

88
Q

In the 1800s, New Mexico was made up of which current states?

A

New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, and Utah

89
Q

What was the first colony in New Mexico?

A

the Spanish settlement of Santa Fe in 1610

90
Q

What country owned New Mexico?

A

Mexico

91
Q

Why did New Mexico govern itself?

A

It was too far from Mexico

92
Q

How did Mexico feel about Americans settling in New Mexico?

A

It wanted them out because it thought they would want to take over

93
Q

Why did Mexico change the policy on American settlers in New Mexico?

A

it welcomed American traders to help boost the economy of New Mexico

94
Q

Who was the first American in New Mexico?

A

William Becknell

95
Q

What was the Santa Fe Trail?

A

it was a trading route that Americans used

96
Q

What did Americans trade with the people in New Mexico?

A

American brought cloth and firearms to trade for silver, fur, and mules

97
Q

Who lived in California in the early 1800s?

A

Many Mexican missions

98
Q

What did Mexico do about missions in 1833?

A

They abolished the missions

99
Q

What did John C. Fremont write about California?

A

It was beautiful and filled with natural resources

100
Q

What did President Polk want to do about California?

A

He tried to buy it from Mexico twice, but Mexico refused to sell it

101
Q

What did America do since Mexico would not sell California?

A

they would take it by force

102
Q

Why did Polk want to get both California and New Mexico from Mexico?

A

They would guarantee ownership of a passage to the Pacific Ocean and fulfill the Manifest Destiny...they rightfully belonged to the US

103
Q

How did President Polk justify war with Mexico over California and New Mexico?

A

He provoked them into acting first

104
Q

What was the Mexican reaction to Texas’s annexation to the US?

A

They did not recognize it because they did not recognize Texas’s independence….said annexation was illegal

105
Q

What was the border that was disputed between the US and Mexico?

A

Mexico believed it was the Nueces River, US believed it was the Rio Grande

106
Q

What was Polk’s deal that he proposed about the Mexican border?

A

He would give $30 million for New Mexico and California if Mexico recognized Rio Grande border and would pay Mexico’s debt to US citizens

107
Q

What was Mexico’s reaction to Polk’s deal?

A

they refused

108
Q

Who was sent by the US to build a fort between the disputed rivers?

A

Zachary Taylor

109
Q

What happened to the fort built by Taylor?

A

Mexico attacked the fort…started the fighting “Hostilities may now be considered as commenced”

110
Q

What was Polk’s reaction to the Mexican attack on the fort?

A

He called an emergency cabinet meeting and declared war on Mexico

111
Q

What was the America reaction to the war against Mexico?

A

the country was divided

112
Q

Who favored the war against Mexico?

A
  1. President Polk, 2. most democrats, 3. Most Southerners, 4. most newspapers, 5. most Texans
113
Q

Who was against the war against Mexico?

A
  1. Abraham Lincoln, 2. Frederick Douglass, 3. most Whigs, 4. Most Northerners, 5. Abolistionists
114
Q

How did the newspapers help in the war against Mexico?

A

they brought more volunteers to fight

115
Q

What did the Whigs think about Polk declaring war against Mexico?

A

they called his actions aggressive and unjust

116
Q

Why did the Northerners not support the war against Mexico?

A

they thought the Democrats were trying to spread slavery

117
Q

What were the 3 parts of Polk’s war plan?

A
  1. drive Mexican forces out of border area and secure border, 2. seize NM and CA, 3. seize Mexico City
118
Q

What was the GOAL of Polk’s war plan?

A

gain CA and NM for the US

119
Q

What resulted due to Taylor’s efforts in the war?

A
  1. captured Monterrey and Buena Vista (lowered Mexican flag, 2. secured Texas border
120
Q

How was Santa Fe captured?

A

1,500 troops went to New Mexican, Governor of Mexico fled….US won without firing a shot

121
Q

What was the Republic of California?

A

the area of Sonoma which was seized by a small group of Americans..proclaimed independent

122
Q

What was the symbol on the flag of the Independent Republic of California?

A

a bear

123
Q

Who was Commodore John Sloat?

A

an American who captured Monterey and San Francisco and annexed California for the US…replaced Bear Flag with US flag

124
Q

When did the US fully control California?

A

January 1847

125
Q

Who lead the Trail of Tears and helped take Mexico City?

A

Winfield Scott

126
Q

What happened when Mexico City was captured by the US?

A

Mexico surrendered

127
Q

What was in the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hildago?

A
  1. Mexico gave up claims to Texas…agreed Rio Grande was border, 2. Mexico gave California and NM to the US, 3. US offered Mexico $15 million
128
Q

How did the amount of money the US offered to pay Mexico change?

A

it went from $30 million to $15 million

129
Q

What was the Gadsden Purchase?

A

a $10 million purchase that helped the US mainland reach its present size (parts of Arizona and New Mexico)

130
Q

Where did the gold rush begin?

A

in 1848 in Sutter’s Mill near present-day Sacramento

131
Q

Who first discovered gold and started the gold rush?

A

James Marshall

132
Q

How much gold had been found by the end of 1848?

A

within one year, $6 million of gold was found

133
Q

How many people traveled to California between 1848-1849 for the gold rush?

A

100,000

134
Q

Forty-niners

A

the name given to the people who came to California in 1849 looking for gold

135
Q

From where the the 49ers come?

A

about 1/2 from US, rest fro Mexico, South America, Europe, and Australia

136
Q

Boomtowns

A

new communities created in California as people came for the gold rush

137
Q

How did the size of San Francisco change from 1849 to 1853?

A

It went fro 321 to 50,000…about 2/3 were Americans

138
Q

How did the population of California change from 1848 to 1852?

A

it increased by about 1000% (20,000 to 200,000)

139
Q

How many 49ers became wealthy?

A

very few… most found little or no gold

140
Q

What did most of the people who found gold do with their gold?

A

lost it through gambling or wild spending

141
Q

Who got the richest from the gold rush?

A

merchants

142
Q

How did merchants become so rich due to the gold rush?

A

no other stores to buy from…they could charge anything they wanted (1 dozen eggs then would have cost $10…about $211 today)

143
Q

Who was Levi Strauss?

A

he invented blue jeans for the miners

144
Q

What were blue jeans

A

durable pants with reinforced copper rivets

145
Q

Who was elected president in 1848?

A

Zachary Taylor

146
Q

What did Zachary Taylor want California to do?

A

become a state

147
Q

When did California become a state?

A

1850

148
Q

What did California’s constitution say about slavery?

A

it banned slavery

149
Q

Why was the slavery issue a problem when California wanted to become a state?

A

The Southern states did not like the slavery ban and had to reach a compromise

150
Q

Who proposed the Compromise of 1850?

A

Henry Clay

151
Q

What did the Compromise of 1850 say about California becoming a state?

A

It said California could become a free state?

152
Q

What did the Compromise of 1850 say about the border dispute between New Mexico and Texas?

A

The dispute was settled in favor of New Mexico

153
Q

What did the Compromise of 1850 say about slavery in New Mexico?

A

there would be no restriction of slavery in New Mexico

154
Q

What did the Compromise of 1850 say about slave trade in Washington DC?

A

it said the slave trade (but NOT slavery) would be abolished in DC

155
Q

What did the Compromise of 1850 do about fugitive slaves?

A

a strong fugitive slave law was enacted

156
Q

Who first settled Utah?

A

Mormons

157
Q

Why did Mormons settle in Utah?

A

they settled there because of religious persecution

158
Q

Who founded Mormonism?

A

Joseph Smith in New York in 1830

159
Q

How did Joseph Smith die?

A

he was killed by an angry mob

160
Q

Who was Joseph Smith’s replacement?

A

Brigham Young

161
Q

What was Brigham Young best known for?

A

He was known for moving the Mormons to present-day Utah near Salt Lake City to escape religious persecution

162
Q

What was the largest single migration in US history?

A

The Mormon migration to Utah…12,000 Mormons moved in 1846

7th Grade Social Studies (5 decks)

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