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Immunology > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Should those barriers be breached, innate immune system receptors recognize the threat via:

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) found on
microbes

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2
Q

Aging, dead, or damaged self-structures can also be recognized via:

A

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs

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3
Q

recognize PAMPs and DAMPs and target
them for clearance

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

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4
Q

Specific for molecules and molecular patterns
associated with pathogens and molecules produced by
dead/damaged cells

A

innate

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5
Q

Highly specific; discriminates between even minor differences
in molecular structure of microbial or nonmicrobial molecules

A

adaptive

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6
Q

A limited number of conserved, germ line–encoded receptors

A

innate

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7
Q

Highly diverse; a very large number of receptors arising from
genetic recombination of receptor genes in each individual

A

adaptive

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8
Q

Some memory (observed in invertebrate innate responses and mouse/human NK cells)

A

innate

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9
Q

Persistent memory, with faster response of greater magnitude
on subsequent exposure

A

adaptive

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10
Q

Very good self/nonself discrimination; no microbe-specific self/nonself patterns in host

A

innate

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11
Q

Very good self/nonself discrimination; occasional failures of discrimination result in autoimmune disease

A

adaptive

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12
Q

Soluble components of blood: Many antimicrobial peptides, proteins, and other mediators, including cytokines

A

innate

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13
Q

Soluble components of blood: antibodies and cytokines

A

adaptive

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14
Q

major cell types: phagocytes, NK cells, leukocytes, epithelial and endothelial cells

A

innate

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15
Q

major cell types: T cells, B cells, antigen-presenting cells

A

adaptive

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16
Q

What are the PAMP ligands recognized by innate PRRs?

A
  1. Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
  2. C-type lectin receptor (CLR)
  3. AIM2-like receptors (ALR)
  4. RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)
  5. NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
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17
Q

-recognize many types of pathogen molecules
-homologous to fruit fly receptor
-dimers with extracellular leucine-rich (LRR) domains that bind PAMPs and DAMPs
-membrane bound

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

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18
Q

what helps determine what each TLR will bind?

A

location

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19
Q

What ligand and microbe is recognized by TLR3?

A

double-stranded RNA and viruses

20
Q

What ligand and microbe is recognized by TLR4?

A

LPS and gram-negative bacteria

21
Q

What ligand and microbe is recognized by TLR5?

A

flagellin and bacteria

22
Q

What ligand and microbe is recognized by TLR7?

A

single stranded RNA and viruses

23
Q

What ligand and microbe is recognized by TLR8?

A

viruses

24
Q

What ligand and microbe is recognized by TLR9?

A

CpG unmethylated dinucleotides and bacterial DNA/ some herpesviruses

25
Q

Different TLRs recruit different adapter proteins to the_______________

A

Toll/IL-1R domain

26
Q

Different TLRs recruit different adapter proteins to the

A

Toll/IL-1R domain

27
Q

WHat are the TLR binding pathways activated by binding of PAMPs?

A
  • NF-κB transcription factor activation
  • Interferon regulating factor (IRF) pathways
  • MAP kinase pathway downstream transcription factors such as AP-1
28
Q
  • activate innate and inflammatory responses
  • generally recognize carbohydrate components of fungi, viruses, mycobacteria, parasites, allergens
    -trigger signaling pathways leading to transcription
    -Transcription factors induce expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, TNF, and IL-23
A

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)

29
Q

cytosolic receptors that bind bacterial and viral double-stranded DNA

A

AIM2-like receptors (ALRs)

30
Q

Binding of multiple _________________ via pyrin domains yields long filaments that together with other cellular proteins form inflammasomes

A

ALRs to dsDNA

31
Q

multiprotein complex that promotes inflammation by processing precursor forms of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 and IL-18

A

infalmmasome

32
Q
  • (RIG-I and MDA5 ) recognize viral double-stranded RNAs
  • RNA bound by ____ helicase domain
    -Function as cytosolic PRRs
A

RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs)

33
Q

What activates cGAS and STING?

A

cytosolic DNA and dinucleotides

34
Q

RLRs trigger signaling pathways that activate:

A

-IRFs to trigger antiviral interferon responses
- NF-κB transcription factor

35
Q

bind PAMPs, diaminopimelic acid and muramyl peptides, of bacterial cell walls

A

NOD1 and NOD2

36
Q

-activated by PAMPs and DAMPs
-Induce expression of genes encoding antimicrobial
proteins and peptides
-Initiate autophagy by forming autophagosomes
that fuse with lysosomes to then kill bacteria

A

Nucleotide oligomerization domain
(NOD)-like receptor receptors (NLR)

37
Q

limination of intracellular pathogens and organelles by envelopment by intracellular membranes
and fusion of resulting autophagosomes with lysosomes.

A

Autophagy

38
Q

PRR signaling pathways activate expression of a large
variety of genes (innate):

A
  • Antimicrobial peptides
  • Type I interferons (potent antiviral activity)
  • Cytokines (inflammatory IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-6)
  • Chemokines
  • Enzymes: iNOS and COX2
39
Q

What is the definition of phagocytosis?

A

Defined as engulfment and
internalization of materials
such as microbes for their
clearance and destruction

40
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

A
  1. bacterium binds to PRRs on membrane evaginations called pseudopodia
  2. bacterium is ingested, forming phagosome
  3. phagosome fuses with lysosome
  4. bacterium is killed and then digested by low pH-activated lysosomal enzymes
  5. digestion products are released from cell
41
Q

How does destruction occur through phagocytosis?

A

enzyme degradation, antimicrobial proteins, and toxic effects of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS)

42
Q

Proinflammatory ___________________triggered
by innate responses to infection, damage, or harmful
substances

A

cytokines and chemokines

43
Q

Early components of inflammation include:

A

-Increased vascular permeability
-Recruitment of neutrophils and other leukocytes from the blood to the site of damage/infection

44
Q

Why is regulation and control of inflammatory responses important?

A

-Defects in PRRs and signaling pathways increase susceptibility to infections
-Defects that allow the systems to remain abnormally “turned on” contribute to inflammatory disorders

45
Q

some lymphocytes express TLRs but use them as _____________

A

costimulatory receptors

46
Q

-a key bridge between innate and adaptive
-They bring antigens from the site of infection and present them to T cells in lymph nodes
-This activates the T cells, allowing them to differentiate into
particular pathogen-specific subsets for the best antigen clearance

A

dendritic cells

Immunology (18 decks)

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