chapter 1 Flashcards
the state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances (antigens)
immunity
What does the Latin term immunis mean?
exempt
How can we generate immunity without inducing disease?
vaccination
prepares the immune system to eradicate an infectious agent before it causes disease
vaccination
How does humoral immunity combat pathogens?
antibodies
immunity where your body produced something
active immunity
What cells produce antibodies?
B cells
What immunity can antibodies be transferred between individuals?
passive immunity
cell-mediated immunity involves primarily __________
T lymphocytes
What can T lymphocytes do?
eradicate pathogens, clear infected self-cells, or aid other cells in inducing immunity
immunity after recovery from infection
natural active immunity
immunity resulting from vaccination
artificial active immunity
immunity passed from mother across placenta or via breast milk
natural passive immunity
administration of anti-venin after snake bite
artificial passive immunity
organisms that can cause diseases
pathogen
how the pathogen causes diseases
pathogenesis
What are the four major categories for pathogens?
virus, fungus, parasite, and bacterium
pre-made germline encoded receptors
pattern recognition receptors, PRRs
generic molecules found on many different types of pathogens; PRRs bind to this
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
randomly generated receptors that bind to very specific antigens, rather than generic molecules found on many pathogens
B and T cell receptors
How are B and T cell receptors formed?
randomly generated by DNA rearrangements in B and T cells
nonviable and deleted during development
surface receptors/B and T cell receptors
ensures that the immune system avoids destroying host tissue
tolerance
many of the random rearrangements used to create B- and T-cell receptors could be _________
anti-self
How does tolerance help?
it keeps anti-self recognition molecules/cells from circulating in the bloodstream
describe innate immune response
-first line of defense
-fast, but nonspecific
-uses germ-line-encoded recognition molecules
-uses phagocytic cells
describe adaptive immune system
-humoral and cell mediated (B and T)
-slower to develop
-use randomly generated antigen receptors
-high specific to individual antigen molecules
How do innate and adaptive immunity work cooperatively?
-activation of innate immune response produces signal molecules (cytokines)
-these signal molecules stimulate and direct adaptive immune responses
What is the hallmark of adaptive immunity?
memory
What is the primary response (adaptive immunity)?
-initiated upon first exposure to an antigen
-memory lymphocytes are left behind after antigen is cleared
What is the secondary response (adaptive immunity)?
-second exposure to same antigen re-stimulates memory lymphocytes
-reactivation yields faster, more significant, better response
What is the response time for innate vs adaptive immunity?
-innate: minutes to hours
-adaptive: days
What is the difference in specificity between innate and adaptive immunity?
innate is limited and fixed while adaptive is highly diverse and adapts to improve during the course of the immune response
What is the response from innate immunity to the repeat infection?
the response is the same each time
What are the major components of the innate immunity?
barriers, phagocytes, and pattern recognition molecules
What are the major components of the adaptive immunity?
T and B lymphocytes, antigen-specific receptors, and antibodies
What are some examples of overly active or misdirected immune symptoms?
-allergies/asthma
-autoimmune disease (multiple sclerosis and Crohn’s disease)
What is the difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency?
primary is genetic loss and secondary is acquired loss
opportunistic infections?
can occur in people with impaired immune response
ex. oral thrush
What is the rare case with transplanted tissues and immunity?
The body wants to attack the foreign tissue and destroy it so we want to avoid an immune response in this case
Why is cancer hard to generate immunity against?
the dangerous cells we want to target are our own self-cells
the antibody-containing serum fraction from a pathogen exposed individual
Antiserum
What is the clonal selection theory?
an individual T or B cell expresses many copies of a membrane receptor that is specific for a single, distinct antigen
