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Immunology > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

any event that instructs a cell to change its metabolic or proliferative state

A

cellular signal

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2
Q

How are cell signals usually generated?

A

binding of a ligand to a complementary cell-bound receptor

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3
Q

How can a cell become more or less susceptible to actions of a ligand?

A

by increasing or decreasing expression of the receptor for that ligand

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4
Q

What type of bonding occurs between receptor-ligand and why?

A

multiple non-covalent bonds bc covalent are too strong

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5
Q

Describe the strength of the bond between ligand-receptor?

A

each individual bond is weak but deliver a total strong binding affinity

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6
Q

a measure of strength of ligand binding

A

dissociation constant (kd)

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7
Q

Receptor-ligand interactions may be _______valent

A

multivalent

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8
Q

Multivalency increases ____________of the interactions

A

avidity

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9
Q

the strength of an individual bond

A

affinity

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10
Q

What is avidity?

A

the combined strength of binding of multiple interactions

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11
Q

An interaction may have _______affinity but ___________ overall avidity

A

weak, high

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12
Q

Ligand-receptor binding induces molecular change in the receptor:

A
  1. Conformational
  2. Dimerization/clustering
  3. Location in the membrane
  4. Covalent modification
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13
Q

Receptor alterations induce cascades of intracellular events:

A
  1. Activation of enzymes
  2. Changes in intracellular locations of
    molecules
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14
Q

Immune Receptors bear immunoglobulin:

A

domains

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15
Q

Immune receptors can be:

A

transmembrane, cytosolic, or
secreted

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16
Q

What is a fancy word for antibody?

A

immunoglobulin

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17
Q

What is the state of the immunoglobulin that is secreted?

A

it is lacking the carboxyl terminus transmembrane segment

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18
Q

contains an antibody of defined specificity

A

B-cell receptor (BCR)

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19
Q

specificity is for peptides derived from APC degraded antigen presented on MHC molecules

A

T-cell receptor (TCR)

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20
Q

T-cell coreceptors that define different subsets of T-cell function

A

CD4 & CD8

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21
Q

A quaternary protein with two identical heavy chains and
two identical light chains

A

antibody

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22
Q

Why is it called heavy/light chain?

A

the molecular weight is higher in the heavy chain

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23
Q

Antigen specificity is by the interaction between:

A

light/heavy chain variable regions

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24
Q

What are some functions of the interaction of the constant regions of the heavy chain?

A

antibody effector activity, phagocytosis, and complement fixation

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25
Q

what type of bonds holds the antibody together?

A

intra/interchain disulfide covalent bonds

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26
Q

The segment of an immunoglobulin heavy chain between the Fc and Fab regions. It gives flexibility to the molecule and allows the two antigen-binding sites to function independently.

A

hinge region

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27
Q

What does Fab stand for?

A

fragment antigen binding

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28
Q

What does Fc stand for?

A

Fragment crystallizable

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29
Q

What is found at the antibody combing site?

A

Three hypervariable regions of amino acids found in variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) regions

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30
Q

What is CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3?

A

complementarity-determining regions/antibody combining site

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31
Q

Interspersed near each CDR is an ___________________ that forms the framework region and is responsible for the folding of the CDRs to form the antibody combining site

A

invariant amino acid

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32
Q

What does the constant region consist of?

A

distinct classes of antibody called isotopes

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33
Q

What are the isotypes of the constant region of the heavy chain?

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

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34
Q

What are the isotopes of the constant region of the light chain?

A

Kappa and Lambda

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35
Q

transduce signals via ITAMs

A

Igα & Igβ

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36
Q

transmit and relay signals to cell interior

A

CD19, CD81, CD21

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37
Q

What complex does IgA consist of?

A

dimer

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38
Q

What complex does IgM consist of?

A

pentamer

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39
Q

What does ITAM stand for?

A

immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif

40
Q

Antibody molecules form a B-cell
receptor (BCR) complex with
molecules involved in:

A

signal transduction

41
Q

Two TCR types _________________have diverse antigen binding characteristics

A

αβ (majority) and γδ

42
Q

TCR recognizes and binds both ______________________ to which peptide is bound

A

antigen-derived peptide and MHC

43
Q

Peptide sources can be from:

A

endogenously or exogenously processed antigens

44
Q

The T-cell receptor (TCR) complexes
with coreceptor involved in:

A

antigen recognition

45
Q

contains ITAMs that
transmit signal to cell

A

CD3 complex

46
Q

function in increasing avidity of peptide binding by TCR

A

CD4, CD8

47
Q

engages CD80 or CD86 on APC to fully activate a naive T cell

A

CD28

48
Q

secreted, low-molecular-weight proteins that regulate the intensity and duration of the immune response by exerting a
variety of effects on lymphocytes and other immune cells that
express the appropriate receptor.

A

cytokine

49
Q

cytokines are also referred to as_____________

A

interleukins

50
Q

a group of low-molecular-weight cytokine that affect
chemotaxis of leukocytes

A

chemokine

51
Q

describe properties of most cytokines

A

-soluble proteins
-released by one cell
-bind to receptors on another cell
-induce biological effects

52
Q

TNF are what type of cytokine

A

membrane-bound

53
Q

how are cytokine signals usually generated?

A

binding of ligand to its receptor

54
Q

What type of binding is cytokine-receptor binding?

A

noncovalent

55
Q

Cytokine-signaling end results often induce a change in the _________________________ of the target cell

A

transcriptional program

56
Q

any event that instructs a cell to change its metabolic or proliferative state

A

cytokine signal

57
Q

cytokine endocrine action:

A

released into the bloodstream to effect distant cells

58
Q

cytokine paracrine action:

A

released to effect nearby cells

59
Q

cytokine autocrine function:

A

released, but then bind to receptors on the cell that produced them

60
Q

induces different biological effect dependent
on target cell

A

Pleiotropic activity

61
Q

mediates similar effects on target cell

A

Redundant activity

62
Q

combines two cytokine activities to be greater
than additive effect

A

Synergy effect

63
Q

inhibits one cytokine’s effect by another’s
action

A

Antagonistic effect

64
Q

effect of one cytokine on one target cell to produce
additional cytokine(s)

A

Cascade

65
Q

-the first noninterferon cytokine to be identified
-Members of this family include important inflammatory mediators

A

Interleukin-1 family

66
Q

Members of this large family of small cytokine molecules exhibit striking sequence and functional diversity.

A

Class 1 (hematopoietin) cytokine family

67
Q

While the IFNs have important roles in antiviral responses, all are important modulators of immune responses.

A

Class 2 (interferon) cytokine family

68
Q

Members of this family may be either soluble or
membrane-bound; they are involved in immune
system development, effector functions, and
homeostasis.

A

Tumor necrosis factor family

69
Q

This is the most recently discovered family; members function to promote neutrophil accumulation and activation, and are
proinflammatory.

A

Interleukin-17 family

70
Q

All serve chemoattractant function.

A

Chemokines

71
Q

-promote inflammation
-stimulated by viral, parasitic, or bacterial antigens
-Secreted very early in immune responses by macrophages and dendritic cells
-Acts locally on capillary permeability and to pull leukocytes to infected tissues
-Acts systemically to signal the liver to produce acute phase proteins

A

IL-1 family

72
Q

describe class I cytokines:

A

-diverse in action and cell target
-single protein family
-made up of multiple subunits

73
Q

-IFN-α and IFN-β are 18–20 kDa dimers with antiviral effects
-Secreted by activated macrophages and dendritic cells
-Induce synthesis of ribonucleases and inhibit protein synthesis

A

Type I interferons

74
Q

-Dimer produced by activated T/NK cells
-Potent modulator of adaptive immunity

A

Type II interferon (IFN-γ)

75
Q

-Secreted by plasmacytoid dendritic cells
-Upregulate genes controlling viral replication and host cell
proliferation

A

Type III interferon family (IFN-λ)

76
Q

regulates development, effector function, and homeostasis of cells of the skeletal, neuronal, and immune system

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

77
Q

N-terminal vs C-terminal regions of TNF cytokines:

A

-Short intracytoplasmic N
-Longer extracellular C

78
Q

Generally Type 2 transmembrane proteins form as _______________when binding to TNF receptor-1

A

trimers

79
Q

proinflammatory and produced by activated
macrophages and other cell types

A

TNF-α

80
Q

produced by activated lymphocytes, delivering signals to leukocytes and endothelial cells

A

TNF-β (lymphotoxin-α)

81
Q

-proinflammatory molecules expressed on a variety of cells
- Receptors found on neutrophils, keratinocytes, and other
nonlymphoid cells
-Tend to work at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity

A

IL-17 family cytokines

82
Q

what is the function of chemokines?

A

they direct leukocyte migration

83
Q

describe the structure of chemokines:

A

-Small (7.5–12.5 kDa) proteins
-Possess highly conserved disulfide bonds that dictate both structure and category (six categories)
-Share two, four, or six conserved cysteine residues

84
Q

Chemokine receptors are an example of _______________
receptors

A

G-protein-coupled

85
Q

Chemokine receptors transduce signals via interactions with a polymeric________________

A

GTP/GDP-binding G protein

86
Q

T/F: Many receptors can bind to more than one chemokine; and several chemokines are able to bind to more than one receptor

A

true

87
Q

how do chemokines direct leukocyte migration?

A

Signaling through chemokine receptors helps cells move to different body areas

88
Q

Integration of all signals received by a cell occurs______________________

A

at the molecular level inside the recipient cell

89
Q

Antigen-mediated _______________initiates signaling in B
and T cells

A

receptor clustering

90
Q

Clustered receptors are localized in________________

A

lipid rafts

91
Q

an early step in many signaling pathways

A

Tyrosine phosphorylation

92
Q

CD3 (T cells) and Igα/β (B cells) are phosphorylated on____________

A

ITAMs

93
Q

Phosphorylated tyrosines serve as docking points for _____________molecules

A

adapter

94
Q

Which kinases phosphorylate tyrosines?

A

Src-family

95
Q

Antigen signaling includes:

A
  1. Bringing dendritic cells into the required locations
  2. Macrophages and neutrophils upregulate phagolysosome
    activity and cytokine production
  3. Dendritic cells exhibit antigen peptides on MHC class I and
    MHC class II
  4. Cytoplasmic proteasomes process antigen to peptides
  5. Dendritic cells induced to secrete cytokine

Immunology (18 decks)

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