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Immunology > chapter 15 > Flashcards

chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

exaggerated immune response that causes damage to the individual

A

hypersensitivity

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2
Q

an exaggerated immune response mediated by antibody or antigen-antibody complex that manifest with minutes to hours after exposure to antigen

A

immediate hypersensitvity

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3
Q

A type sensitive response mediated TH cells, which release various cytokines and chemokines. The response generally occurs 2-3 days after TH cells interact with antigen

A

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)

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4
Q

-responsible for type I hypersensitivity
-allergies are initiated by an interaction between an _____ antibody and a multivalent antigen

A

IgE

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5
Q

How do Ige antibodies act?

A

-by cross-linking Fcε receptors on the surfaces of innate immune cells
-granule contents are released

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6
Q

A type I hypersensitivity reaction is induced by certain types of antigens referred to as ____________________.

A

allergens

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7
Q

What does it mean if someone has atopy?

A

they are predisposed to generate IgE antibodies against common environmental antigens

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8
Q

The high-affinity IgE receptor, FcεRI

A

-responsible for most allergy symptoms
-found on basophils and mast cells

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9
Q

The low-affinity IgE receptor, FcεRII

A

regulates production of IgE by B cells

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10
Q

Histamine:

A

-accounts for 10% of granule weight
-binds to one of four possible histamine receptors

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11
Q

induces contraction of intestinal and bronchial smooth muscles,
increased permeability of venules, and mucous secretion

A

H1 binding

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12
Q

increases vasopermeability and vasodilation, stimulates exocrine
glands, and increases stomach acid; also suppresses degranulation of mast cells/basophils in a negative feedback loop

A

H2 binding

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13
Q

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins:

A

-Secondary mediators―formed when membrane phospholipids are enzymatically cleaved
-more potent stimulators of vascular permeability and mucous secretion
–considered to be a major cause of asthma symptoms

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14
Q

stimulate TH2 responses to increase IgE production by B cells

A

IL-4 and IL-13

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15
Q

recruits and activates eosinophils

A

IL-5

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16
Q

may contribute to shock in systemic anaphylaxis

A

TNF-α

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17
Q

acts as a chemotactic factor, attracting other cells

A

IL-8

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18
Q

stimulates production and activation of more myeloid cells, including more granulocytes

A

GM-CSF

19
Q

Type I early responses:

A

-occur within minutes of allergen exposure
-Mediated by mast cell granule contents

20
Q

Type I late responses:

A

-occur hours later, a result of recruited cells
-Often inflammatory cell types such as neutrophils

21
Q

Type I 3rd phase?

A

-starts three days after exposure, peaks at four days post-exposure
-Characterized by massive eosinophil infiltration

22
Q

a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death

A

Anaphylaxis

23
Q

Systemic Anaphylaxis:

A

-a shock-like and often fatal state, the onset of which occurs within minutes.
-Venom from bee, wasp, hornet, and ant stings; drugs such as penicillin, insulin, and antitoxins; and seafood and nut.
-Epinephrine is the drug of choice

24
Q

results from inhalation of common airborne allergen, such as
pollen

A

Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

25
Q

the reaction developed in the low respiratory tract.

A

asthma

26
Q

an inflammatory disease of skin that is frequently associated
with a family history of atopy

A

Atopic dermatitis (eczema)

27
Q

cause upper or lower gastrointestinal tract smooth muscle contraction
resulting in vomiting or diarrhea

A

food allergies

28
Q

Allergy-linked genes include:

A

-Proteins involved in generation and regulation of immune
responsiveness
* Innate immune receptors
* Cytokines/chemokines and their receptors
* MHC proteins
- Airway remodeling genes
* Growth factors
*Proteolytic enzymes
- Transcription factors and proteins regulating epigenetic
modifications also implicated

29
Q

In a skin test, what indicates an allergic response?

A

swelling and redness

30
Q

Hyposensitization:

A

-Repeated low-dose exposures may induce an increase in regulatory T cells and their cytokines
-May also induce competitive IgG subtypes

31
Q

bind and block H1 receptors on target cells

A

antihistamines

32
Q

________________________antagonists work in a manner similar to antihistamines

A

leukotriene

33
Q

inhibit innate immune cell activity in airways, treating asthma

A

Inhalation corticosteroids

34
Q

the hygiene hypothesis:

A

-exposure to some pathogens early in life provides a better T-cell balance
-Avoids dominance of TH2 subset, which promotes IgE production by B cells (stimulating allergic responses)
-May explain why countries with improved hygiene
are experiencing increases in asthma and allergy
rates

35
Q

transfusion reactions are a type of ____________________________hypersensitivity reactions

A

antibody mediated type II

36
Q

What happens if someone receives a transfusion with the wrong type of blood?

A

their antibodies will quickly attach to the donor blood cells and trigger
complement proteins

37
Q

Describe Immune complex-mediated (type III) hypersensitivity:

A

-May trigger release of inflammatory mediators and vasoactive mediators (recruit neutrophils)
– Proteases released may damage connective tissues
– Clots may form as complexes activate platelets
* Symptoms include fever, rashes, joint pain, lymph node
enlargement, and protein in the urine

38
Q

Describe Delayed-type (type IV) hypersensitivity (DTH):

A

-Purely cell-mediated rather than Ab mediated
-Initiated by T cells
-Requires a delay for the reaction to develop
-Characterized by recruitment of macrophages at inflammation site
-Poison ivy contact dermatitis is the most common example

39
Q

The initiation of a type IV DTH response involves ______________ by
an antigen.

A

sensitization

40
Q

The __________________ phase of a classical DTH response is induced by
second exposure to a sensitizing Ag.

A

effector

41
Q

Describe what happens during the second exposure of a DTH response:

A

-TH1 inflammatory cytokines are produced that recruit and help activate macrophages

42
Q

A prolonged activation of macrophages leads to ___________ formation

A

granuloma

43
Q

A prolonged inability to clear antigens can result in formation of destructive_______________________________________________

A

multinucleate giant cells and granulomas

44
Q

Contact dermatitis is a type _________ hypersensitivity response

A

IV

Immunology (18 decks)

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