Chapter 4

Question 1

Goal of scientific theories

Answer 1

To understand cause and effect relationships

Question 2

Uses for case studies

Answer 2

1. Provide rich description of a new clinical phenomenon
2. Disprove an allegedly universal hypothesis
3. Generate new hypotheses

Question 3

Statistical significance

Answer 3

When the alpha level is lower than 0.05

Question 4

Clinical significance

Answer 4

Whether a relationship between variables is large enough to matter

Question 5

The high-risk method

Answer 5

Only people with a high risk of developing a disease are studied

Question 6

Third variable problem

Answer 6

Confound variables

Question 7

3 focuses of epidemiological research

Answer 7

1. Prevalence
2. Incidence
3. Correlates

Question 8

The family method

Answer 8

Study genetic predispositions among members of a family.

Question 9

Concordance

Answer 9

Degree of similarity between family members regarding a particular trait or disease

Question 10

Index cases/probands

Answer 10

Collection of a sample of people with the diagnosis in question

Question 11

The twin-method

Answer 11

Mono and dizygotic twins are compared

Question 12

The adoptees method

Answer 12

Studies children who were adopted

Question 13

Cross-fostering

Answer 13

Adoptee method but the adoptive parent has a particular disorder

Question 14

Basic features of experimental design

Answer 14

1. Independent variable is manipulated
2. Participants are allocated to two conditions
3. Researcher measures a dependent variable
4. Differences between conditions are called experimental effect

Question 15

Internal validity

Answer 15

Extent to which the experimental effect can be attributed to the independent variable.
Control group needed to have this

Question 16

External validity

Answer 16

Extent to which results can be generalized to the public

Question 17

Reversal/ABAB design

Answer 17

Form of single-case design where the participants behavior is measured in a specific sequence:

1. Initial period of time, baseline
2. Period where treatment is introduced
3. Reinstatement of the conditions of baseline
4. Reintroduction of treatment

Question 18

Treatment outcome research

Answer 18

Research to find out if treatment works

Question 19

Treatment study criteria

Answer 19

1. Clear definition of the sample being studied
2. Clear description of the treatment being offered
3. Inclusion of a control condition
4. Random assignment
5. Reliable and valid outcome measures
6. A large enough sample

Question 20

Randomized controlled trials

Answer 20

Clients are randomly assigned to receive treatment or a comparison

Question 21

Efficacy

Answer 21

Whether a treatment works under the purest of conditions

Question 22

Effectiveness

Answer 22

How well a treatment works in the real world

Question 23

Dissemination

Answer 23

Process of facilitating adoption of efficacious treatments in the community

Question 24

Analogue experiments

Answer 24

Researchers try to create or observe a related but less severe phenomenon. An analogue of the risk variable

Question 25

Publication bias

Answer 25

Tendency to publish positive results

Question 26

Issues that contribute to replication failures

Answer 26

1. Small samples
2. Unreliable measures
3. Methods of previous study not described well
4. Differences in methods

Question 27

P-hacking

Answer 27

Tweaking analyses or combing through data to get a more publishable result

Question 28

Ways to improve replication of studies

Answer 28

1. Register hypotheses, measures and analysis plan before conducting experiment
2. Make all data publicly available
3. Reviewers pay more attention to quality of study rather than findings
4. Use large sample sizes
5. Consumer of science advised to check if findings have been replicated

Question 29

Goals of Exploratory Designs (case or qualitative)

Answer 29

1. Rich descriptions
2. Disproving hypotheses
3. Generating hypotheses

Question 30

Limitations Qualitative research

Answer 30

1. Generalizability
   
   • Solution: Correlational research
2. Causality
   
   • Solution: Longitudinal or experimental research