Chapter 1 & 3

Question 1

Clinical interview

Answer 1

1. Attention on how the questions are answered
2. Empathy is essential
3. Extent of the structure depends on the experience of the clinician

Question 2

Structured interviews

Answer 2

1. Collect standardized information

2. Asked in certain order depending on how questions are answered

Question 3

General adaptation syndrome

Answer 3

Biological response to lots of stress
3 phases of response:
1. Alarm phase
2. Resistance phase
3. Exhaustion phase

Question 4

Assessment of stress tests

Answer 4

1. Life Events and Difficulty Schedule (semi-structured)

2. Self-report stress checklist

Question 5

Personality tests

Answer 5

1. MMPI-2

2. Big Five Inventory-2

Question 6

Intelligence tests

Answer 6

1. WAIS-4
2. WISC-5
3. WPPSI-4
4. Stanford-Binet-5

Question 7

Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)

Answer 7

Collection of data in real time and report on recently experienced thoughts, moods or stressors

Question 8

Reactivity

Answer 8

Behavior changes because someone knows they are being observed

Question 9

Cognitive-Style Questionnaires

Answer 9

Used to help plan targets for treatment as well as to determine whether clinical interventions are helping to change negative thought patterns

Question 10

Brain imaging types

Answer 10

Structure:
1. CT
2. MRI
3. fMRI
Function: 
1. fMRI
2. PET
3. SPECT

Question 11

Neurotransmitter assessment

Answer 11

1. Post-mortem analysis

2. PET scans

Question 12

3 types of connectivity

Answer 12

1. Structural or anatomical: how structures are connected via white matter
2. Functional connectivity: between brain regions based on correlations between their BOLD signal
3. Effective connectivity: combines both types, shows BOLD and also direction and timing

Question 13

Neuropsychological assessment tests

Answer 13

1. Tactile performance test-Time: fitting blocks in to spaces of a form board
2. Tactile performance test-Memory: draw the form board from memory
3. Speech sound perception test: hear word and select what they heard from alternatives

Question 14

Psychophysiological assessment

Answer 14

1. Electrocardiogram: heart rate electrical charges
2. Electrodermal responding: measures skin conductance
3. EEG: brain activity with electrical activity

Question 15

3 elements of diagnostics

Answer 15

1. Theory development of problems/complaints and problematic behavior
2. Operationalization and its subsequent measurement
3. Application of relevant diagnostic methods

Question 16

Testing 5 steps

Answer 16

1. Converting theory into hypothesis
2. Selecting appropriate tools
3. Making predictions
4. Applying instruments
5. Elaborating and explaining results

Question 17

5 basic questions in clinical psychodiagnostics

Answer 17

1. Recognition: what are problems
2. Explanation: why do the problems exist
3. Prediction: how will client develop in the future
4. Indication: how can problem be solved
5. Evaluation: have problems been solved

Question 18

Synchronous and diachronous

Answer 18

Synchronous: at the same time as the behavior
Diachronous: prior to the behavior

Question 19

Diagnostic cycle

Answer 19

1. Observation
2. Induction
3. Deduction
4. Testing
5. Evaluating

Question 20

Application

Answer 20

Information about the referrer and type of request. Clients mindset is observed. Information form other sources is gathered

Question 21

Hypothesis formulation

Answer 21

Based on recognition and explanation. Predictions must be concrete and verifiable

Question 22

Selection of examination tools

Answer 22

Suitable instruments are selected based on recognition and explanation

Question 23

Administration and scoring

Answer 23

Results first analyzed independently, then in relation to hypotheses

Question 24

Argumentation

Answer 24

Quality of tools are evaluated. Hypotheses are accepted or rejected. Diagnostician concludes outcome

Question 25

Report

Answer 25

Conclusion of report must be well defined. Language must be transparent and not too much technical jargon

Question 26

Diagnosis and Treatment Combinations

Answer 26

Allows treatment to be efficient and cost-effective. Once a patient has been efficiently diagnosed, the protocol-based treatment that then takes place is preferably evidence-based and clearly fits the diagnosis that has been made.

Question 27

Problems with DTC

Answer 27

1. Sometimes clients have more than one problem/complaint 2. Sometimes there are no clearly defined problems 3. Departments might overlook other more serious complaints due to strong focus on reported complaint 4. Research on interaction between specific diagnosis and treatment is scarce 5. Often insufficient time to carry out a comprehensive diagnostic examination of the causes of the complaint(s)/ problem(s)

Question 28

Recognition components

Answer 28

1. Inventory and description 2. Organization and categorization in dysfunctional behavior clusters or disorders 3. Examination of seriousness

Question 29

Explanation components

Answer 29

1. The locus: the person or situation 2. Nature of control: about the cause 3. Synchronous and Diachronous explanations 4. Induced and persistent conditions

Question 30

Indication components

Answer 30

1. Knowledge of treatment and therapists 2. Knowledge of relative usefulness of treatments 3. Knowledge of clients acceptance of indication

Question 31

Heuristics clinical judgement

Answer 31

1. Clinicians using clinical judgment evaluate only about 50% of the key criteria of structured interviews 2. Symptoms that had been described as forming part of a causal relation are weighed more heavily as criteria 3. Clinicians using clinical judgement often make diagnoses by comparing clients to ‘prototypes’

Question 32

Biases in PA

Answer 32

1. Stereotyping 2. Availability 3. Premature closure 4. Illusory correlation 5. Confirmation 6. Excessive data collection 7. Self-report