chapter 38

Question 1

calcitonin

Answer 1

Calcitonin is a hormone- a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular cells (also known as C-cells) of the thyroid gland, which is stimulated by increased calcium levels in the blood; it enhances calcium entry back into bone and blocks bone breakdown, and reduces intravascular (serum) calcium levels.

Question 2

estrogen and testosterone effect

Answer 2

Sex hormones also have an effect on skeletal health.
Estrogen acts to inhibit bone breakdown and stimulates bone formation.
Testosterone stimulates muscle growth, which places stress on the bone, thus increasing bone formation.

Question 3

calcium intake

Answer 3

The recommended daily calcium intake for adults is 1,000 to 1,200 mg per day.
The average daily intake in the United States is 600 to 800 mg of calcium; this amount is suboptimal—this is one of the major reasons for the high number of adults affected by osteoporosis!!!

Question 4

T score

Answer 4

Bone mineral density (BMD) measurement results are compared with a reference population of young, healthy adults of approximately age 30 years;

Question 5

T scores for osteo disease

Answer 5

+1 to -1 =healthy
-1 to -2.5 =osteopenia
-2.5 to -3.0 =osteoporosis
-3.0 and lower=severe osteoporosis

Question 6

risk factor for osteoporosis

Answer 6

Female gender
Postmenopausal age in female
Lack of estrogen in female
Lack of testosterone in male
Family history
Asian and Caucasian women
Thin and small-framed women
Lack of recommended daily intake of calcium and vitamin D
Lack of weight-bearing exercise
Excess alcohol consumption
Excess caffeine consumption
Smoking
Long-term use of corticosteroids
Excess carbonated soft drink consumption
Gastric Bariatric surgery
Eating disorders such as anorexia
Hyperthyroidism or excessive intake of thyroid medication
Hyperparathyroidism
Anticonvulsant medications

Question 7

hip fracture mortality

Answer 7

Risk of mortality is 2.8 to 4 times greater among Hip fracture patients during the first 3 months after the fracture as compared with nonaffected individuals.
Nearly one in four [1 out of 4] hip fracture patients will die within 12 months after the injury.

Question 8

osteoarthritis pathophysiology

Question 9

ddd degenrative disc disease

Answer 9

The most common vertebral discs involved in DDD are the lumbar: L4, L5, and S1.