chapter 37

Question 1

abcdes of trauma life support

Answer 1

Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation and hemorrhage control
Disability and neurological evaluation
Exposure and environmental control

Question 2

tendon

Answer 2

attach musle to bone (joint motion

Question 3

ligament

Answer 3

attach bone to bone (joint stability)

Question 4

muscle sprain

Answer 4

A sprain is an overstretching of tendons and ligaments with possible tears-most common ankle.

-Approximately 85% of sprains are caused by inversion of the foot during plantarflexion of the ankle
-A sprain occurs in response to a quick twist or pull of the muscle.
-It can be caused by a force that displaces a joint from its normal alignment.
-Bruising, swelling, instability, and painful movement are common symptoms experienced after a sprain occurs.

Question 5

muscle strain

Answer 5

-overstretching of muscles, improper use of the muscles, or as the result of injury in another part of the body when the body compensates for pain by altering the way it moves.

-Strains often occur in the lower back and in the hamstring muscle and result from overuse and

-Pain, weakness, and muscle spasms are common symptoms experienced after a strain occurs.

Question 6

osteoporosis

Answer 6

first is osteopenia
then it is ostenporosis
it means porous bone
lead to BMD bone mineral density reduction

Question 7

complications of musculoskeletal trauma

Answer 7

Neurovascular compromise
Compartment syndrome
Infection
DVT and PE

Question 8

Neurovascular compromise

Answer 8

-The patient will exhibit:
Pain …increasing
Decreased motor strength
Hypoesthesia
Paresthesias
Absent or weak pulses
-If neurovascular compression is prolonged, severe atrophy of the muscle will occur.

To assess neurovascular status, always check pulses and sensation distal to a musculoskeletal injury

Question 9

Compartment Syndrome

Answer 9

-In compartment syndrome, the patient complains of pain that is out of proportion to the degree of injury.
-It occurs when tissue pressure exceeds perfusion pressure in a closed anatomical space.
-Like a “compartment” the pressure in side the area rises, placing pressure on nerve and vessel supplies; this is an urgent situation that a nurse must always be looking out for

Question 10

Signs of Compartment Syndrome

Answer 10

-Edema
-Pallor
-Paresthesias in the affected area and distally will be apparent.
-Weak distal pulses or pulselessness
-Compartment pressures can be objectively measured as greater than 30 mm Hg.

Question 11

avascular necrosis

Answer 11

-Deterioration of bone because of insufficient blood supply
-Associated with fractures of the femoral head and neck, scaphoid, talar neck and body, and proximal humerus
-Symptoms: pain and weakness
-The examiner will find motor weakness, abnormal gait if lower extremity is involved, and lack of rehabilitation progress.
-Diagnosis: MRI or bone scintigraphy are used to detect AVN.
-Treatment: surgical removal of necrotic bone

Question 12

stress fracture

Answer 12

caused by repetitive stress on bone
second or third metatarsal
tibia and fibula

Question 13

hip fracture

Answer 13

1/5 elderly die from hip fracture within the year
run risk of thrombi from blood clots or fat