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patho > chapter 33 > Flashcards

chapter 33 Flashcards

1
Q

ischemic stroke

A

-Most common in internal carotid and middle cerebral artery
-Occurs gradually & symptoms are progressive. The symptoms can appear over several hours & progress to maximal deficit over several days.

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2
Q

Ischemic Stroke causes

A

-Cerebral arteriosclerosis
-Carotid stenosis (abnormal narrowing)
-Atrial fibrillation also referred to as A-fib, is irregular & most often very rapid heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots in the heart.
-Stasis of blood leads to clot formation

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3
Q

ischemic stroke path and location

A

affects right side of the brain, and involves the internal and carotid artery. caused by an embolus blocking blood flow to the brain

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4
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

Artery rupture results in bleeding

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5
Q

hemorrhagic stroke causes

A

-Hypertension: most common cause
-Aneurysm rupture
Most common location: Circle of Willis
-Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Arterial branch in subarachnoid space ruptures

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6
Q

hemorrhagic stroke pathophysiology

A

-Hematoma develops as a result of the ruptured blood vessel. The hematoma disrupts the neurons & glia (connective tissue) resulting in decreased blood volume, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular swelling, inflammation & edema. Compression of brain tissue & increased intracranial pressure(ICP) causes further injury to brain.

-Normal ICP 7-15 mm Hg in adults who are supine

-Blood flows into brain, compresses and displaces brain tissue

-Blood causes vasospasm of adjacent blood vessels
-Blood released is toxic to surrounding cells

-Anoxic encephalopathy (functioning of brain is affected)
Lack of oxygen delivery causes decreased level of consciousness

-Cerebral edema may occur, putting pressure on brain tissues
Pressure on brainstem causes alteration in HR, breathing, pupil dilation

-Cushing’s triad: pressure on brainstem
Bradypnea or irregular respirations
Bradycardia
Hypertension

-If hemorrhage is large, hematoma and clot form; may expand in first 24 hours, worsening symptoms
Eventually, immune response and scar tissue form

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7
Q

stroke risk factors

A

-Hypertension (HTN)
-Hyperlipidemia
-Diabetes
-Smoking
-Obesity
-Lack of exercise
-Atrial fibrillation
-Oral contraceptives
-Excess alcohol
-Family history
-Age 55+
-Gender
-Male risk is greater than female
-Ethnicity
-African American risk is greater than Caucasian
-Sickle cell disease
-Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
-Amyloid accumulation

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8
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Stroke

A

-Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes present with similar signs

-Middle cerebral artery most common stroke location
Speech, motor, sensory deficits

-Neurological deficits on one side of body
Slurred speech, loss of gag reflex, facial droop
Hemiparesis, hemiparalysis, loss of sensation
Vision loss
Some patients have disorientation, confusion

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9
Q

OOOTTAFAGVSH

A

on old olympus towering tops a finn and german viewed some hops

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10
Q

Olfactory order, function and sensory motor or both

A
  1. first
  2. smell
  3. sensory
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11
Q

Optic order, function and sensory motor or both

A
  1. second
  2. sight
  3. sensory
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12
Q

oculomotor order, function and sensory motor or both

A
  1. third
  2. movement of eye
  3. motor
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13
Q

trochlear order, function and sensory motor or both

A
  1. fourth
  2. movement of eye
  3. motor
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14
Q

trigeminal order, function and sensory motor or both

A
  1. fifth
  2. moves and feels for the face
  3. sensory and motor
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15
Q

abducens order, function and sensory motor or both

A
  1. sixth
  2. movement of eyes laterally
  3. motor
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16
Q

facial order, function and sensory motor or both

A
  1. seventh
  2. movement and feeling of neck and face
  3. motor and sensory
17
Q

vestibulochlear order, function and sensory motor or both

A
  1. eight
  2. hearing and balance
  3. sensory
18
Q

glossopharyngeal order, function and sensory motor or both

A
  1. ninth
  2. feels and moves throat and mouth
  3. sensory and motor
19
Q

vagus order, function and sensory motor or both

A
  1. tenth
  2. digestion, heart rate, and respiratory rate, (not controllable basically)
  3. motor and sensory
20
Q

accessory order, function and sensory motor or both

A
  1. eleventh
  2. moves neck
  3. motor
21
Q

hypoglossal

A
  1. twelfth
  2. tongue movement
  3. motor
22
Q

aphasia

A

difficulty speaking/ understanding language

23
Q

types of aphasia

A

broca’s area
wernicke’s area

24
Q

broca’s area

A

speak language
expressive aphasia
cannot speak

25
Q

wernicke’s area

A

comprehend language
receptive aphasia
cannot understand

26
Q

carotid aneurysm

A

weak wall of carotid artery

patho (10 decks)

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