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Bio 1306 Exam 3 > Chapter 37 > Flashcards

Chapter 37 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What elements does fertilizer often have?

A

Phosphorous, Nitrogen, Potassium

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2
Q

What does phosphorous do?

A

Part of DNA/RNA, ATP, phospholipids

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3
Q

What does Nitrogen do?

A

Forms DNA, proteins, chlorophyll

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4
Q

What does potassium do?

A

Cofactor for enzymes used throughout cell, major roll in maintaining turgor (H2O pressure)

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5
Q

Is soil made up of biotic or abiotic material?

A

It has components of both

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6
Q

Why is soil erosion so bad?

A

It can take centuries to form but only years to be destroyed

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7
Q

How does soil texture range?

A

Very coarse (sand)–> very fine (clay

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8
Q

What is humus? Where is it found?

A

Decomposing organic material that is part of the topsoil layer

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9
Q

What is topsoil? Why is it important?

A

Horizon/top layer of soil- plants depend on it

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10
Q

What are the layers of soil like?

A

Broken down rock, living/dead organisms
Much less organic matter, less weathered
Broken down rock

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11
Q

What are loams?

A

Most fertile topsoil, about equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay

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12
Q

What is in soil solution?

A

H2O and minerals

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13
Q

Where do roots absorb their nutrients?

A

Soil solution

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14
Q

What organisms are found in soil?

A

Fungi, algae, protists, insects, worms, plants

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15
Q

What does soil biodiversity determine for the soil?

A

pH and chemical properties

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16
Q

What are some common causes of reduced soil productivity?

A

Chemical contamination, mineral deficiencies, changes in pH, changes in salinity

17
Q

What is sustainable agriculture?

A

Long-term practices that are environmentally safer

18
Q

What are the benefits of irrigatin?

A

Increased crop yield, balances salt levels

19
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The practice of recycling mineral nutrients

20
Q

What is phytoremediation?

A

Using living plants to clean soil, air and water (EG nuclear radiation)

21
Q

What are the essential comounds for plants?

A

Cellulose and starch

22
Q

How many essential nutrients are there for plants? How many of each?

A

17, 9 macro, 8 microW

23
Q

What contributes the most to plant growth and crop yields?

A

Nitrogen

24
Q

LOOK AT MUTUALISM DIAGRAM

A
25
Q

What is a mutualism?

A

An interaction between 2 species that benefits both

26
Q

What are some expamples of mutualisms?

A

Ants defend plant from attack, plant provides food
Shrimp digs burrow where it and goby live, goby acts as lookout and shrimp is protected while goby has shelter

27
Q

What is the rhizosphere?

A

Area around roots/in soil

28
Q

Where can bacteria in rhizosphere live?

A

Free living in rhizosphere or as endophytes (in plants)

29
Q

How do bacteria benefit as endophytes?

A

Get sugars, amino acids, organic acids from plant cells

30
Q

How do plants benefit as endophytes?

A

Antibiotics, chemicals that stimulate plant growth

31
Q

What helps determine the species composition of bacterial communties?

A

Whether it’s inside/outside the root and by soil type

32
Q

Where is the role of bacteria important in plant nutrition?

A

The nitrogen cycle

33
Q

Why do bacteria take up atmospheric nitrogen?

A

It isn’t usable to plants

34
Q

What converts atmospheric nitrogen into a form that’s usable by plants?

A

Nitrogen fixing bacteria (Produce ammonium)

35
Q

How can nitrogen already present in the soil be converted to a form usable by plants?

A

Decomposition by Ammonifying bacteria, (Produce ammonium)

36
Q

What happens to ammonium in the soil?

A

Nitrifying bacteria convert it to nitrite, then nitrate, which either gets denitrified and released into the atmosphere as N2 or the NO3 gets absorbed into plant roots

Bio 1306 Exam 3 (6 decks)

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