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Bio 1306 Exam 3 > Chapter 31 (Unfinished) > Flashcards

Chapter 31 (Unfinished) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do fungi grow?

A

Extend filaments (hyphae) into soil

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2
Q

What do hyphae do?

A

Break down organic matter with enzymes to release nutrients

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3
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Nist release spores

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4
Q

How can parasites get nutrients?

A

Penetrating living cells

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5
Q

Can parasites be pathogenic?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Where do decomposers live?

A

On logs, animal waste, carcasses

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7
Q

What do all hyphae form?

A

Mycelium

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8
Q

Why is maximizing hyphae surface area important?

A

Maximizing the surface volume ratio increases efficiency

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9
Q

What are arbuscles?

A

Branching hyphae

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10
Q

Where are arebuscles found? What do they do?

A

Some mutualistic fungi, exchange nutrients with living plant cells

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11
Q

What are mychorrizhae?

A

“Fungus roots”- mutualistic relationship between plant roots and fungus

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12
Q

Where do ectomycorrhizal fungi grow?

A

Surface

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13
Q

Where do fungi get their carbohydrates from?

A

Plants

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14
Q

Do fungi reproduce sexually or asexually?

A

Some are either/or, some can do both

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15
Q

What happens once spores land in a suitable ares?

A

They make a mycelium and germiinate

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16
Q

LOOK AT REPRODUCTIVE DIAGRAM AND SLIDE AFTER(RESET TO 1)

A
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17
Q

How do unfused nuclei happen?

A

Cytoplasms fuse, nuclei don’t form

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18
Q

What does pheremone signaling do?

A

Helps mycelium of different mating types find each other and reproduce

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19
Q

What is plasmogamy?

A

Stage in reproduction where cytoplasms fuse, nuclei don’t

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20
Q

What is a heterokaryon?

A

Cell with multiple genetically different nuclei

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21
Q

What is dikaryon?

A

Cell with 2 genetically different nuclei

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22
Q

What is karyogamy?

A

Fusion of nuclei

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23
Q

What is mold?

A

A fungus that grows as filamentous fungus, makes haploid spores through mitosis, makes visible mycelium

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24
Q

What are deuteromycetes?

A

Molds with no known life cycle

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25
Q

When did the first species of fungi come around?

A

~440 mya

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26
Q

What are fungi most closely related to?

A

Animals

27
Q

When did fungi start to show mychorrizhae?

A

~405 mya

28
Q

What role do most chyptomycetes play?

A

Protist parasites

29
Q

What role do most microsporidians play?

A

Animal/protist parasites

30
Q

What environmental role have chitrids played?

A

Responsible for the extinction of many amphibian populations

31
Q

What are zoopagomycetes?

A

Parasites or neutral symbionts of animals, fungi, or protists

32
Q

What does commensal mean?

A

Good for one, neutral for another

33
Q

What are mucuromycetes?

A

Fast growing molds that rot foods

34
Q

What role do mucuromycetes play?

A

Some are decomposers, can be pathogens or parasites of plants

35
Q

Where are ascomycetes spores?

A

Saclike asci

36
Q

What is an ascocarp?

A

Fruiting body that’s part of an ascomycete that contains the spore-forming asci

37
Q

What role do ascomycetes play?

A

Decomposers, plant pathogens, can live with green algae or cyanobacteria to make lichens

38
Q

What is the biodiversity of ascomycetes like?

A

Unicellular yeasts –> complex forms

39
Q

What is black bread mold an example of?

A

Ascomycetes

40
Q

What are some examples of basidiomycetes?

A

Mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi

41
Q

What is the club-shaped reproductive structure of a basidiomycete called?

A

A basidium

42
Q

What role do basidiomycetes play?

A

Decomposers- Best at decomposing lignin

43
Q

Read up on fairy rings

A
44
Q

How many plants have arbuscular mycorrhizae?

A

Most

45
Q

What are some distinguishing features of cryptomycota?

A

Parasites with flagellated spores

46
Q

What are some distinguishing features of microsporidia?

A

Parasitic cells that make resistant spores

47
Q

What are some distinguishing features of chytridiomycota?

A

Flagellated spores

48
Q

What are some distinguishing features of zoopagomycota?

A

Resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage

49
Q

What are some distinguishing features of Mucuromycota?

A

Include fungi that form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants

50
Q

What are some distinguishing features of Ascomycota?

A

Sexual spores made in saclike asci, lots of spores made

51
Q

What are some distinguishing features of basidiomycota?

A

Elaborate fruiting body containing basidia that produce sexual spores

52
Q

How are fungi and bacteria important in nutritent recycling?

A

They break down compounds and release elements and nutrients as nutrients, allowing life to exist

53
Q

What are symbiotic endophytes?

A

Harmless/beneficial bacteria/fungi that live between plant cells/Multicellular algae

54
Q

How are endophytes beneficial to plants?

A

They can make toxins that deter herbivores and increase resistance to environmental extremes

55
Q

What are lichens?

A

Symbiotic associations between algae/cyanobacterium and a fungus

56
Q

Where do lichens grow?

A

Rock and soil surfaces

57
Q

What does each part of a lichen get out of the relationship? (p69)

A

Fungus provides suitable place for growth, alga/cyanobacterium provides carbon compounds

58
Q

How close is the association between the algae/cyanobacterium and fungus for a lichen?

A

So close it’s named as if it’s one organism

59
Q

What fungus are lichens usually?

A

Ascomycete

60
Q

What do most parasitic fungi target?

A

Plants

61
Q

What is mycosis?

A

General term for a fungal infection in an animal

62
Q

What are some fungal infections in humans?

A

Ringworm and athlete’s foot

63
Q

What are some practical uses of fungi?

A

Food production, medicine, research

Bio 1306 Exam 3 (6 decks)

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