Chapter 31 (Unfinished) Flashcards
How do fungi grow?
Extend filaments (hyphae) into soil
What do hyphae do?
Break down organic matter with enzymes to release nutrients
How do fungi reproduce?
Nist release spores
How can parasites get nutrients?
Penetrating living cells
Can parasites be pathogenic?
Yes
Where do decomposers live?
On logs, animal waste, carcasses
What do all hyphae form?
Mycelium
Why is maximizing hyphae surface area important?
Maximizing the surface volume ratio increases efficiency
What are arbuscles?
Branching hyphae
Where are arebuscles found? What do they do?
Some mutualistic fungi, exchange nutrients with living plant cells
What are mychorrizhae?
“Fungus roots”- mutualistic relationship between plant roots and fungus
Where do ectomycorrhizal fungi grow?
Surface
Where do fungi get their carbohydrates from?
Plants
Do fungi reproduce sexually or asexually?
Some are either/or, some can do both
What happens once spores land in a suitable ares?
They make a mycelium and germiinate
LOOK AT REPRODUCTIVE DIAGRAM AND SLIDE AFTER(RESET TO 1)
How do unfused nuclei happen?
Cytoplasms fuse, nuclei don’t form
What does pheremone signaling do?
Helps mycelium of different mating types find each other and reproduce
What is plasmogamy?
Stage in reproduction where cytoplasms fuse, nuclei don’t
What is a heterokaryon?
Cell with multiple genetically different nuclei
What is dikaryon?
Cell with 2 genetically different nuclei
What is karyogamy?
Fusion of nuclei
What is mold?
A fungus that grows as filamentous fungus, makes haploid spores through mitosis, makes visible mycelium
What are deuteromycetes?
Molds with no known life cycle
When did the first species of fungi come around?
~440 mya
What are fungi most closely related to?
Animals
When did fungi start to show mychorrizhae?
~405 mya
What role do most chyptomycetes play?
Protist parasites
What role do most microsporidians play?
Animal/protist parasites
What environmental role have chitrids played?
Responsible for the extinction of many amphibian populations
What are zoopagomycetes?
Parasites or neutral symbionts of animals, fungi, or protists
What does commensal mean?
Good for one, neutral for another
What are mucuromycetes?
Fast growing molds that rot foods
What role do mucuromycetes play?
Some are decomposers, can be pathogens or parasites of plants
Where are ascomycetes spores?
Saclike asci
What is an ascocarp?
Fruiting body that’s part of an ascomycete that contains the spore-forming asci
What role do ascomycetes play?
Decomposers, plant pathogens, can live with green algae or cyanobacteria to make lichens
What is the biodiversity of ascomycetes like?
Unicellular yeasts –> complex forms
What is black bread mold an example of?
Ascomycetes
What are some examples of basidiomycetes?
Mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi
What is the club-shaped reproductive structure of a basidiomycete called?
A basidium
What role do basidiomycetes play?
Decomposers- Best at decomposing lignin
Read up on fairy rings
How many plants have arbuscular mycorrhizae?
Most
What are some distinguishing features of cryptomycota?
Parasites with flagellated spores
What are some distinguishing features of microsporidia?
Parasitic cells that make resistant spores
What are some distinguishing features of chytridiomycota?
Flagellated spores
What are some distinguishing features of zoopagomycota?
Resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage
What are some distinguishing features of Mucuromycota?
Include fungi that form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants
What are some distinguishing features of Ascomycota?
Sexual spores made in saclike asci, lots of spores made
What are some distinguishing features of basidiomycota?
Elaborate fruiting body containing basidia that produce sexual spores
How are fungi and bacteria important in nutritent recycling?
They break down compounds and release elements and nutrients as nutrients, allowing life to exist
What are symbiotic endophytes?
Harmless/beneficial bacteria/fungi that live between plant cells/Multicellular algae
How are endophytes beneficial to plants?
They can make toxins that deter herbivores and increase resistance to environmental extremes
What are lichens?
Symbiotic associations between algae/cyanobacterium and a fungus
Where do lichens grow?
Rock and soil surfaces
What does each part of a lichen get out of the relationship? (p69)
Fungus provides suitable place for growth, alga/cyanobacterium provides carbon compounds
How close is the association between the algae/cyanobacterium and fungus for a lichen?
So close it’s named as if it’s one organism
What fungus are lichens usually?
Ascomycete
What do most parasitic fungi target?
Plants
What is mycosis?
General term for a fungal infection in an animal
What are some fungal infections in humans?
Ringworm and athlete’s foot
What are some practical uses of fungi?
Food production, medicine, research
