Chapter 35: Cardiovascular System Assessment Flashcards
pages 768 - 771
1
Q
How many chambers does the heart have?
A
four
2
Q
Name the 3 layers of the heart from inner to outer.
A
- endocardium
- myocardium
- epicardium
3
Q
What is the inner lining of the heart called?
a. endocardium
b. myocardium
c. epicardium
A
a. endocardium
4
Q
What is the muscle layer of the heart called?
a. endocardium
b. myocardium
c. epicardium
A
b. myocardium
5
Q
What is the outer layer of the heart called?
a. endocardium
b. myocardium
c. epicardium
A
c. epicardium
6
Q
How many layers does the heart have?
A
three layers
7
Q
A fibroserous sac called the __________ covers the heart.
A
pericardium
8
Q
How many layers does the pericardium consist of?
A
two layers
9
Q
Name the layers of the pericardium from inner to outer.
A
- visceral
- parietal
10
Q
The __________ vertically divides the heart.
A
septum
11
Q
The __________ septum creates a right and left atrium.
a. interatrial
b. interventricular
A
a. interatrial
12
Q
The __________ septum creates a right and left ventricle.
a. interatrial
b. interventricular
A
b. interventricular
13
Q
T/F
The wall thickness of each heart chamber is the same.
A
false; different
14
Q
T/F
The atrial myocardium is thinner than that of the ventricles.
A
true
15
Q
Which ventricular wall is more thicker, right or left?
A
left ventricular wall
16
Q
T/F
The 4 valves of the heart keep blood flowing in a backward direction.
A
false; forward direction
17
Q
The cusps of the mitral and tricuspid valves are attached to thin strands of fibrous tissue called __________.
A
chordae tendineae
18
Q
What is another name for the semilunar valves?
A
pulmonic and aortic valves
19
Q
What is another name for the pulmonic and aortic valves?
A
semilunar valves
20
Q
What prevents blood from regurgitating back into the ventricles at the end of each ventricular contraction?
A
the semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic valves)
21
Q
T/F
The myocardium has its own blood supply.
A
true
22
Q
What is the myocardium’s blood supply called?
A
coronary circulation
23
Q
relaxation of the myocardium
A
diastole
24
Q
What does the left coronary artery divide into?
A
- left anterior descending artery
- left circumflex artery
25
Which arteries supply the left atrium, left ventricle, interventricular septum, and part of the right ventricle?
- left anterior descending artery
- left circumflex artery
26
What artery branch supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, and part of the posterior wall of the left ventricle?
right coronary artery
27
The __________ system consists of specialized tissue that creates and transports the electrical impulse, or action potential.
conduction
28
Impulses from the SA node travel through __________ pathways to depolarize the atria, resulting in a contraction.
interatrial
29
Name the two divisions of the left bundle branch.
anterior and posterior
30
The action potential moves through the walls of both ventricles via __________.
Purkinje fibers
31
The ventricular conduction system delivers the impulse within 1.2 seconds.
false; 0.12 second
32
When does repolarization occur?
when the contractile ad conduction pathway cells regain their resting polarized condition
33
During ventricular contraction, there is an __________ when the heart muscle does not respond to any new stimuli.
absolute refractory period
34
The electrical activity of the heart can be detected using electrodes and recorded on an __________.
electrocardiogram (ECG)
35
What is the first waveform?
a. P wave
b. QRS complex
c. T wave
d. U wave
a. P wave
36
The first waveform, the P wave, begins by what?
the firing of the SA node
37
The __________ represents depolarization from the AV node throughout the ventricles.
a. P wave
b. QRS complex
c. T wave
d. U wave
b. QRS complex
38
The __________ represents the repolarization of the ventricles.
a. P wave
b. QRS complex
c. T wave
d. U wave
c. T wave
39
The __________ may represent the repolarization of the Purkinje fibers.
a. P wave
b. QRS complex
c. T wave
d. U wave
d. U wave
40
T/F
Depolarization does not trigger mechanical activity.
false
41
contraction of the heart muscle
systole
42
__________ results in ejection of blood from the ventricles.
systole
43
relaxation of the heart muscle
diastole
44
the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute
cardiac output (CO)
45
How do you calculate cardiac output (CO)?
stroke volume x heart rate/min
46
T/F
The more the myocardial fibers are stretched, the greater their force of contraction is.
true
47
The volume of blood stretching the ventricles at the end of diastole, before the next contraction, is called __________.
preload
48
T/F
Preload is increased when a rapid HR or hypovolemia reduces ventricular filling during diastole.
false; decreased
49
the peripheral resistance against which the left ventricle must pump
afterload
50
the ability to respond to demands by maintaining or increasing cardiac output
cardiac reserve
51
What are the 3 major types of blood vessels?
- arteries
- capillaries
- veins
52
T/F
Arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart.
false; they carry oxygenated blood
53
T/F
The pulmonary artery does not carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
true
54
T/F
Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart.
true
55
T/F
The pulmonary veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart.
false; this is not an action of the pulmonary veins
56
Blood circulates from the _____ side of the heart into arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, and the back to the _____ side of the heart.
left ; right
57
T/F
The arterial system differs from the venous system by the amount and type of tissue that make up arterial walls.
true
58
Name to examples of a large artery.
aorta ; pulmonary artery
59
What do the arterioles control?
arterial BP and distribution of blood flow
60
The innermost lining of the arteries if the __________.
endothelium
61
T/F
The capillary cells maintains hemostasis, promotes blood flow, and, under normal conditions, stops blood coagulation.
false; the endothelium
62
When the endothelium surface is disrupted, the coagulation cascade results in the formation of a __________.
fibrin clot
63
Name the two parts of the autonomic nervous system.
sympathetic nervous system ; parasympathetic nervous system
64
the source of neural control of blood vessels is the ________ nervous system.
a. parasympathetic
b. sympathetic
c. autonomic
d. peripheral
b. sympathetic
65
T/F
the thin capillary wall made up of endothelial cells has no elastic or muscle tissue.
true
66
What do the capillaries connect to?
arteries ; venules
67
small vessels with a minor amount of muscle and connective tissue
venules
68
T/F
Veins collect blood from the capillary beds and channel it to the larger veins.
false; venules
69
large-diameter, thin-walled vessels that return blood to the right atrum
veins
70
What does the autonomic nervous system consist of?
sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
71
Where are adrenergic receptors located?
vascular smooth muscles
72
What does stimulation of the a1-adrenergic receptor result in?
vasoconstriction
73
What does decreased stimulation of the a1-adrenergic receptor result in?
vasodilation
74
__________ in the aortic arch and carotid sinus are sensitive to stretch or pressure within the arterial system.
baroreceptors
75
What sends information to the vasomotor center in the brainstem?
baroreceptors
76
Where are chemoreceptors located?
- aortic and carotid bodies
- medulla
77
a measure of the force exerted by blood against the walls of the arterial system
arterial blood pressure
78
the peak pressure exerted against the arteries when the heart contracts
systolic blood pressure (SBP)
79
the residual pressure in the arterial system during ventricular relaxation
diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
80
What are the main factors influencing blood pressure?
cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
81
the force opposing the movement of blood
systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
82
the difference between the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
pulse pressure
83
MAP calculation
(SBP + 2DBP) / 3
84
While doing the hospital admission assessment for a slender older adult, the nurse observes pulsation of the abdominal aorta in the epigastric area. Which action would the nurse take?
a. Teach the patient about aneurysms.
b. Notify the hospital rapid response team.
c. Instruct the patient to remain on bed rest.
d. Document the finding in the patient record.
d. Document the finding in the patient record.
85
The standard policy on the cardiac unit states, “Notify the health care provider for mean arterial pressure (MAP) less than 70 mm Hg.” Which patient‘s status would the nurse report to the health care provider?
a. Postoperative patient with a BP of 116/42 mm Hg.
b. Newly admitted patient with a BP of 150/87 mm Hg.
c. Patient with left ventricular failure who has a BP of 110/70 mm Hg.
d. Patient with a myocardial infarction who has a BP of 140/86 mm Hg.
a. Postoperative patient with a BP of 116/42 mm Hg.
