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NUR251 - Medical Surgical III > Chapter 35: Cardiovascular System Assessment > Flashcards

Chapter 35: Cardiovascular System Assessment Flashcards

pages 768 - 771

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

four

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2
Q

Name the 3 layers of the heart from inner to outer.

A
  • endocardium
  • myocardium
  • epicardium
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3
Q

What is the inner lining of the heart called?

a. endocardium
b. myocardium
c. epicardium

A

a. endocardium

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4
Q

What is the muscle layer of the heart called?

a. endocardium
b. myocardium
c. epicardium

A

b. myocardium

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5
Q

What is the outer layer of the heart called?

a. endocardium
b. myocardium
c. epicardium

A

c. epicardium

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6
Q

How many layers does the heart have?

A

three layers

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7
Q

A fibroserous sac called the __________ covers the heart.

A

pericardium

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8
Q

How many layers does the pericardium consist of?

A

two layers

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9
Q

Name the layers of the pericardium from inner to outer.

A
  • visceral
  • parietal
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10
Q

The __________ vertically divides the heart.

A

septum

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11
Q

The __________ septum creates a right and left atrium.

a. interatrial
b. interventricular

A

a. interatrial

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12
Q

The __________ septum creates a right and left ventricle.

a. interatrial
b. interventricular

A

b. interventricular

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13
Q

T/F

The wall thickness of each heart chamber is the same.

A

false; different

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14
Q

T/F

The atrial myocardium is thinner than that of the ventricles.

A

true

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15
Q

Which ventricular wall is more thicker, right or left?

A

left ventricular wall

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16
Q

T/F

The 4 valves of the heart keep blood flowing in a backward direction.

A

false; forward direction

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17
Q

The cusps of the mitral and tricuspid valves are attached to thin strands of fibrous tissue called __________.

A

chordae tendineae

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18
Q

What is another name for the semilunar valves?

A

pulmonic and aortic valves

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19
Q

What is another name for the pulmonic and aortic valves?

A

semilunar valves

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20
Q

What prevents blood from regurgitating back into the ventricles at the end of each ventricular contraction?

A

the semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic valves)

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21
Q

T/F

The myocardium has its own blood supply.

A

true

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22
Q

What is the myocardium’s blood supply called?

A

coronary circulation

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23
Q

relaxation of the myocardium

A

diastole

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24
Q

What does the left coronary artery divide into?

A
  • left anterior descending artery
  • left circumflex artery
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25
Q

Which arteries supply the left atrium, left ventricle, interventricular septum, and part of the right ventricle?

A
  • left anterior descending artery
  • left circumflex artery
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26
Q

What artery branch supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, and part of the posterior wall of the left ventricle?

A

right coronary artery

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27
Q

The __________ system consists of specialized tissue that creates and transports the electrical impulse, or action potential.

A

conduction

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28
Q

Impulses from the SA node travel through __________ pathways to depolarize the atria, resulting in a contraction.

A

interatrial

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29
Q

Name the two divisions of the left bundle branch.

A

anterior and posterior

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30
Q

The action potential moves through the walls of both ventricles via __________.

A

Purkinje fibers

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31
Q

The ventricular conduction system delivers the impulse within 1.2 seconds.

A

false; 0.12 second

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32
Q

When does repolarization occur?

A

when the contractile ad conduction pathway cells regain their resting polarized condition

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33
Q

During ventricular contraction, there is an __________ when the heart muscle does not respond to any new stimuli.

A

absolute refractory period

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34
Q

The electrical activity of the heart can be detected using electrodes and recorded on an __________.

A

electrocardiogram (ECG)

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35
Q

What is the first waveform?

a. P wave

b. QRS complex

c. T wave

d. U wave

A

a. P wave

36
Q

The first waveform, the P wave, begins by what?

A

the firing of the SA node

37
Q

The __________ represents depolarization from the AV node throughout the ventricles.

a. P wave

b. QRS complex

c. T wave

d. U wave

A

b. QRS complex

38
Q

The __________ represents the repolarization of the ventricles.

a. P wave

b. QRS complex

c. T wave

d. U wave

A

c. T wave

39
Q

The __________ may represent the repolarization of the Purkinje fibers.

a. P wave

b. QRS complex

c. T wave

d. U wave

A

d. U wave

40
Q

T/F

Depolarization does not trigger mechanical activity.

A

false

41
Q

contraction of the heart muscle

A

systole

42
Q

__________ results in ejection of blood from the ventricles.

A

systole

43
Q

relaxation of the heart muscle

A

diastole

44
Q

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute

A

cardiac output (CO)

45
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output (CO)?

A

stroke volume x heart rate/min

46
Q

T/F

The more the myocardial fibers are stretched, the greater their force of contraction is.

A

true

47
Q

The volume of blood stretching the ventricles at the end of diastole, before the next contraction, is called __________.

A

preload

48
Q

T/F

Preload is increased when a rapid HR or hypovolemia reduces ventricular filling during diastole.

A

false; decreased

49
Q

the peripheral resistance against which the left ventricle must pump

A

afterload

50
Q

the ability to respond to demands by maintaining or increasing cardiac output

A

cardiac reserve

51
Q

What are the 3 major types of blood vessels?

A
  • arteries
  • capillaries
  • veins
52
Q

T/F

Arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart.

A

false; they carry oxygenated blood

53
Q

T/F

The pulmonary artery does not carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

A

true

54
Q

T/F

Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart.

A

true

55
Q

T/F

The pulmonary veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart.

A

false; this is not an action of the pulmonary veins

56
Q

Blood circulates from the _____ side of the heart into arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, and the back to the _____ side of the heart.

A

left ; right

57
Q

T/F

The arterial system differs from the venous system by the amount and type of tissue that make up arterial walls.

A

true

58
Q

Name to examples of a large artery.

A

aorta ; pulmonary artery

59
Q

What do the arterioles control?

A

arterial BP and distribution of blood flow

60
Q

The innermost lining of the arteries if the __________.

A

endothelium

61
Q

T/F

The capillary cells maintains hemostasis, promotes blood flow, and, under normal conditions, stops blood coagulation.

A

false; the endothelium

62
Q

When the endothelium surface is disrupted, the coagulation cascade results in the formation of a __________.

A

fibrin clot

63
Q

Name the two parts of the autonomic nervous system.

A

sympathetic nervous system ; parasympathetic nervous system

64
Q

the source of neural control of blood vessels is the ________ nervous system.

a. parasympathetic
b. sympathetic
c. autonomic
d. peripheral

A

b. sympathetic

65
Q

T/F

the thin capillary wall made up of endothelial cells has no elastic or muscle tissue.

A

true

66
Q

What do the capillaries connect to?

A

arteries ; venules

67
Q

small vessels with a minor amount of muscle and connective tissue

A

venules

68
Q

T/F

Veins collect blood from the capillary beds and channel it to the larger veins.

A

false; venules

69
Q

large-diameter, thin-walled vessels that return blood to the right atrum

A

veins

70
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system consist of?

A

sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

71
Q

Where are adrenergic receptors located?

A

vascular smooth muscles

72
Q

What does stimulation of the a1-adrenergic receptor result in?

A

vasoconstriction

73
Q

What does decreased stimulation of the a1-adrenergic receptor result in?

A

vasodilation

74
Q

__________ in the aortic arch and carotid sinus are sensitive to stretch or pressure within the arterial system.

A

baroreceptors

75
Q

What sends information to the vasomotor center in the brainstem?

A

baroreceptors

76
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A
  • aortic and carotid bodies
  • medulla
77
Q

a measure of the force exerted by blood against the walls of the arterial system

A

arterial blood pressure

78
Q

the peak pressure exerted against the arteries when the heart contracts

A

systolic blood pressure (SBP)

79
Q

the residual pressure in the arterial system during ventricular relaxation

A

diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

80
Q

What are the main factors influencing blood pressure?

A

cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

81
Q

the force opposing the movement of blood

A

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

82
Q

the difference between the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

A

pulse pressure

83
Q

MAP calculation

A

(SBP + 2DBP) / 3

84
Q

While doing the hospital admission assessment for a slender older adult, the nurse observes pulsation of the abdominal aorta in the epigastric area. Which action would the nurse take?

a. Teach the patient about aneurysms.

b. Notify the hospital rapid response team.

c. Instruct the patient to remain on bed rest.

d. Document the finding in the patient record.

A

d. Document the finding in the patient record.

85
Q

The standard policy on the cardiac unit states, “Notify the health care provider for mean arterial pressure (MAP) less than 70 mm Hg.” Which patient‘s status would the nurse report to the health care provider?

a. Postoperative patient with a BP of 116/42 mm Hg.

b. Newly admitted patient with a BP of 150/87 mm Hg.

c. Patient with left ventricular failure who has a BP of 110/70 mm Hg.

d. Patient with a myocardial infarction who has a BP of 140/86 mm Hg.

A

a. Postoperative patient with a BP of 116/42 mm Hg.

NUR251 - Medical Surgical III (6 decks)

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