Chapter 34- Vertebraes

Question 1

4 Key Characters of Chordates

Answer 1

Notochord
Dorsal
Pharyngeal slits
Muscular Tail

Question 2

Lancelets

Answer 2

marine-suspension feeders

Question 3

Tunicates

Answer 3

Sea Squirts

Question 4

Hagfishes and Lampreys

Answer 4

Lacking of jaw

Question 5

Chondrichthyans

Answer 5

Sharks, rays, etc

Question 6

Oviparous

Answer 6

Eggs hatch outside mother’s body

Question 7

Ovoviviparous

Answer 7

Eggs ate retained within oviduct, young are born after hatching within uterus

Question 8

Viviparous

Answer 8

Yound develop within the uterus and are nourished by the yolk sac placenta

Question 9

Amphibians example

Answer 9

salamanders, frogs, caecilians

Question 10

Amniotes

Answer 10

Tetrapods whse living members include reptiles and mammals

Question 11

Amniotic Egg

Answer 11

4 membranes protect egg

Question 12

Reptiles are

Answer 12

ectothermic

Question 13

ectothermic

Answer 13

absorbing external heat as main source of body heat

Question 14

endothermic

Answer 14

maintain temp thru metabolic activity

Question 15

Diapsids

Answer 15

have a pair of holes on either side of the
skull through which muscles attach to the jaw

Question 16

Lepidosaurs,

Answer 16

including living tuataras, lizards, and
snakes, and extinct mososaurs

Question 17

Archosaurs

Answer 17

including living crocodilians, and
extinct pterosaurs and dinosaurs
The Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of
Reptiles

Question 18

Snakes

Answer 18

Snakes are carnivorous and have
adaptations to aid in the capture and
consumption of prey, including
– Chemical sensors
– Sensitivity to ground vibrations
– Heat-detecting organs
– Tongue flicking (fans odors
toward sensors in mouth)
– Toxic venom
– Loosely articulated jawbones
and elastic skin (for swallowing
prey whole)

Question 19

Birds

Answer 19

Derived Characters of Birds
* Birds have many weight-saving
adaptations that improve the efficiency of
flight
– No urinary bladder
– Only one ovary (females)
– Small gonads (both sexes)
– Toothless mouths
– Air-filled bones with honeycombed
internal structure

Question 20

Synapsids

Answer 20

are amniotes that
include mammals

Question 21

The three major lineages of mammals

Answer 21

Monotremes (egg-laying mammals)
– Marsupials (mammals with a pouch)
– Eutherians (placental mammals

Question 22

Monotremes

Answer 22

re a small
group of egg-laying
mammals found only in
Australia and New
Guinea

Question 23

Marsupials ( opposum)

Answer 23

hare many
derived characters with
eutherians that are not
found among monotremes
– Higher metabolic rates
– Nipples to provide milk
– Birth of live young
– Embryonic development
in the uterus
– A placenta for nutrient
transfer from mother to
embry

Question 24

eutherians

Answer 24

have a
more complex placenta and longer pregnancies

Question 25

The mammalian order Primates includes

Answer 25

lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes

Question 26

There are three main groups of living primates

Answer 26

Lemurs (Madagascar) and the lorises and bush babies (tropical Africa and southern Asia) – Tarsiers (southeastern Asia) – Anthropoids including monkeys and apes (worldwide)

Question 27

Humans Charatceristcs

Answer 27

Upright posture and bipedal locomotion – Larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought, and artistic expression – Production and use of tools – Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles – Shorter digestive tract

Question 28

Hominins

Answer 28

are extinct species that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees

Question 29

There are two common misconceptions about human evolution

Answer 29

Early hominins were chimpanzees or evolved from chimpanzees Correction: Hominins and chimpanzees are separate lineages that diverged from a common ancestor 2. Human evolution is like a ladder leading directly from an ancestral ape to Homo sapiens Correction: There are many branches and some coexisting species in the human evolutionary tree, with Homo sapiens as the final survivors