Chapter 25 The History of Life on Earth

Question 1

Macroevolution

Answer 1

Broad pattern of evolution above the species level

Question 2

Fossil record shows macroevolution changes (3)

Answer 2

1) emergence of terrestrial vertebrates
2) impact of mass extinctions
3) origin of key adaptation

Question 3

Simple Cell 4 Stages

Answer 3

1) Abiotic Synthesis of small organic molecules
2) impact of mass extinctions
3) packaging of molecules into protocells
4) origin of self-repeating molecules

Question 4

Earth formed ____ years ago

Answer 4

4.6B

Question 5

Organic compounds could have been produced in deep-sea _____

Answer 5

hydrothermal vents

Question 6

Alkaline vents

Answer 6

pH of 9-11, contain warm water

Question 7

_____ can exhibit some of the properties of life

Answer 7

Vesicles

Question 8

Vesicles exhibit these 4 properties of life

Answer 8

1) simple growth without dilution of contents
2) reproduction
3) metabolism
4) maintenance of internal environment different from surrounds

Question 9

First genetic material

Answer 9

RNA

Question 10

RNA plays a critical role in

Answer 10

protein synthesis

Question 11

Ribosomes

Answer 11

catalyze many different reactions

Question 12

RNA molecules with different nueclotids sequcnes _________

Answer 12

fold into different shapes

Question 13

2x ____ is more chemically balanced, and can be replicated more accurately than RNA

Answer 13

true

Question 14

Fossils are found

Answer 14

sedimentary rock

Question 15

Some fossils form as _____, replace ______

Answer 15

minerals, organic matter

Question 16

Amber

Answer 16

Entire organisms can be found in a hard resin tree

Question 17

Radiometric Dating

Answer 17

Used to determine the age of fossils based on the decay of radioactive isotopes

Question 18

Each isotope has a ___

Answer 18

half life

Question 19

Mammals belong to the group of animals called

Answer 19

tetrapods

Question 20

Evolution of unqiue mammalian features can be traced in the

Answer 20

fossil record

Question 21

Mammals originated gradually from a group ___ called _____

Answer 21

tetrapods; synapsids

Question 22

Mammalian Teeth

Answer 22

1) incisors
2) canines
3) molars

Question 23

Stromatolites

Answer 23

Layered rocks that from when the prokaryotes bind thin firms of sediment together

Question 24

Oxygen Revolution

Answer 24

O2 began to gas out due to dissolved iron that turned into settlements to rock

Question 25

First Eukaryotes lived

Answer 25

1.8B years ago

Question 26

Eukaryotes originated from _____

Answer 26

endosymbiosis

Question 27

Evolution of multicellularity created:

Answer 27

algae, plants, fungi, and animals

Question 28

Cambrian Explosion

Answer 28

spurge pf animal phyla fossils

Question 29

Prokaryotes lived on land _____ years ago

Answer 29

3.2B

Question 30

Fungi, plants, and animals colonized ____ years ago

Answer 30

500 million

Question 31

___ and _____ colonized together

Answer 31

Plants and fungi

Question 32

Mutalisms between plants and fungi

Answer 32

Mycorrhizae

Question 33

_____ first animals to colonize 450M years ago

Answer 33

arthopods

Question 34

Human lineage diverged _____ years ago

Answer 34

6-7M years ago

Question 35

Modern humans origniated _____ years ago

Answer 35

195K

Question 36

Consequences of continental drift (3):

Answer 36

Ocean basins become deeper Shallow water habitat destroyed interior of the continent became colder and drier

Question 37

Pangaea formed ____ years ago

Answer 37

250M

Question 38

Fossil record shows that most species that have ever lived are now___

Answer 38

extinct

Question 39

Extinction can be caused by ___

Answer 39

changes to a species biotic or abiotic enviorment

Question 40

Mass extinctions occur when____

Answer 40

Large numbers of species rapidly become extinct worldwide

Question 41

Mass extinctions are triggered by ____

Answer 41

disruptive global change

Question 42

____ mass extinctions have been reocrded in the fossil record over the past 500M years

Answer 42

5

Question 43

takes about ____M years for diversity to recover from an extinction

Answer 43

5-10M

Question 44

Mass extinction can also do what to the features of a creature?

Answer 44

Can lose a feature and then reappear million of years later

Question 45

Adaptive Radiations

Answer 45

rapid period of evolutionary change and adaptation to ecological riches

Question 46

(3) adaptive radiations have occured in response of major innovations

Answer 46

1) photosynthetic prokaryotes 2) evolution of large predators 3) colonization of land by plants, insects, tetrapods

Question 47

Major changes in body from can result from

Answer 47

changes in sequences and regulation of developmental genes

Question 48

Hetrochrony

Answer 48

Is an evolutionary change in the rate/timing of developmental events

Question 49

_____ genes played a key role in the cambrian explosion

Answer 49

Developmental