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physiology > chapter 34 > Flashcards

chapter 34 Flashcards

1
Q

leukocytes wbc and where they are made

A

The leukocytes, also called white blood cells, are the
mobile units of the body’s protective system. They are
formed partially in the bone marrow (granulocytes and
monocytes and a few lymphocytes) and partially in the
lymph tissue (lymphocytes and plasma cells)

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2
Q

6 types of wbc

A 
neutrophils 
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
lymphocytes 
platelets
sometimes plasma cells
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3
Q

% of all types of wbc

A 
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils 62.0%
Polymorphonuclear eosinophils 2.3%
Polymorphonuclear basophils 0.4%
Monocytes 5.3%
Lymphocytes 30.0%
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4
Q

major lineage of wbc formed by the hemopoietic stem cells

A

myelocytic lineage and lymphocytic lineage

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5
Q

monocytes and granulocytes are made in

A

bone marrow

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6
Q

lymphocytes and plasma cells are made in

A

lymphoid tissues like tonsils, thymus, lymph glands, spleen bone marrow and payers patch underneath the epithelium of gut

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7
Q

what cells mainly destroy the invading bacteria, virus and harmful agents

A

neutrophils and macrophages

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8
Q

2 ways by which wbc moves through tissues

A
  1. through diapedesis which is through small gaps in endothelial cells in capillaries and postcapillary venules
  2. amoeboid movement
  3. chemotaxis
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9
Q

3 selective procedures

A
  1. normal cells of the body are smooth which resist phagocytosis
  2. normal cells of the body have a protective protein coat
  3. the immune system of the body makes antibody which adhere to bacterial membrane and makes it more susceptible to phagocytosis
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10
Q

antibody made by immune system adheres to what else than bacterial membrane

A

it adheres to C3 of complement cascade and these C3 molecules in turn attach to receptors on phagocyte membrane initiating phagocytosis

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11
Q

opsonization

A

the process through which a pathogen is selected for phagocytosis and destruction is called as opsonization

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12
Q

phagocytocsis my neutrophils

A

neutrophil attaches itself to the particle and the pseudopodia projects in all directions, the pseudopodia fuses together and form an enclosed chamber with phagocytized particle in it
then it invaginates the particle inside the cytoplasm it breaks away from outer cell membrane and form a free floating particle

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13
Q

Once Phagocytized, Most Particles Are Digested by

Intracellular Enzymes.

A

Once a foreign particle has been
phagocytized, lysosomes and other cytoplasmic granules
in the neutrophil or macrophage immediately come in
contact with the phagocytic vesicle, and their membranes
fuse, thereby dumping many digestive enzymes and bactericidal agents into the vesicle. Thus, the phagocytic
vesicle now becomes a digestive vesicle, and digestion of
the phagocytized particle begins immediately

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14
Q

the lysosome of macrophage contains

A

lipids to digest the thick lipid membrane of bacteria like tuberculosis bacillus

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15
Q

both neutrophils and macrophages lysosomes are filled with

A

proteolytic enzymes

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16
Q

how neutrophils and macrophages kill bacteria other than digestion of phagocytosed bacteria

A

they kill by releasing bactericidal agents that kill bacteria which were failed to be digested by lysosomes.
this is done by oxidizing agents produced by peroxisome and membrane of phagosome

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17
Q

oxidizing agnest are

A

superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl ions and myeloperoxidase which catalyzes the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and chloride to form hypochlorite which is highly bactericidal

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18
Q

reticuloendothelial cells

A

total combination of monocytes, attached macrophages, mobile macrophages and some endothelial cells of bonemarrow, spleen and lymph nodes make up the reticuloendothelial cells

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19
Q

what is inflammation

A

when a tissue is damaged or undergoes a trauma because of heat chemicals or any other phenomena the tissues that are undamaged undergo secondary changes called inflammation

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20
Q

Inflammation is characterized by

A

(1) vasodilation of
the local blood vessels, with consequent excess local
blood flow; (2) increased permeability of the capillaries,
allowing leakage of large quantities of fluid into the
interstitial spaces; (3) often clotting of the fluid in the
interstitial spaces because of increased amounts of fibrinogen and other proteins leaking from the capillaries; (4)
migration of large numbers of granulocytes and monocytes into the tissue; and (5) swelling of the tissue cells.

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21
Q

Some of the many tissue products that cause these reactions

A

e histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, prostaglandins,
several different reaction products of the complement
system,, reaction products of
the blood clotting system, and multiple substances called
lymphokines that are released by sensitized T cell

22
Q

first result of inflammation is

A

is to “wall off” the area of injury
from the remaining tissues. The tissue spaces and the
lymphatics in the inflamed area are blocked by fibrinogen
clots so that after a while, fluid barely flows through the
spaces. This walling-off process delays the spread of bacteria or toxic products.

23
Q

first line of defense is done by?

A

macrophages be with sessile, or alveolar macrophages, microglia or histiocytes in the subcutaneous tissues. this happens within minutes after inflammation

24
Q

second line of defense is done by and through what

A

it is done within few hours of inflammation and done by neutrophils. the inflamed area release the tumor necrosis factor or interleukin-1 which inflammatory cytokines

25
what is margination in 2nd line of defense
They cause increased expression of adhesion molecules, such as selectins and intercellular adhesion molecule–1 (ICAM-1) on the surface of endothelial cells in the capillaries and venules. These adhesion molecules, reacting with complementary integrin molecules on the neutrophils, cause the neutrophils to stick to the capillary and venule walls in the inflamed area. This effect is called margination
26
what are the other two things that is done to initiate the neutrophil invasion
the intercellular adhesion between capillaries and venules is loosen up so the neutrophil can move though diapedesis easily also though chemotaxis of the neutrophil towards the inflamed
27
extravasation
translocation though capillaries into the tissues is called extravasation
28
diapedesis
movement of blood cells though the intact walls of capillaries or usually is used with extravasation when blood cell moves from capillaries into the tissue
29
neutrophilia
which means an increase in the number of neutrophils in the blood
30
neutrophilia is causes by?
Neutrophilia is caused by products of inflammation that enter the blood stream, are transported to the bone marrow, and there act on the stored neutrophils of the marrow to mobilize these into the circulating blood
31
3rd line of defense
second invasion by macrophages
32
4th line of defense is done by
granulocytes and monocytes which are stimulation of granulocytic and monocytic progenitor cells of bone marrow which can take 3-4 days to reach the inflamed area from the bone marrow
33
implicated in control of the macrophage response to | inflammation, five of these are believed to play dominant roles which are
f (1) tumor necrosis factor (TNF), (2) interleukin-1 (IL-1), (3) granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), (4) granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and (5) monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF).
34
The cause of increased production of granulocytes and monocytes by the bone marrow is mainly the three colony-stimulating factor which are
GM-CSF, stimulates both granulocyte and monocyte production; the other two, G-CSF and M-CSF, stimulate granulocyte and monocyte production, respectively. This combination of TNF, IL-1,
35
formation of pus
a cavity is excavated in the inflammed tissue which contains dead macrophages and neutrophils, necrotic tissues and tissue fluid. this is called as pus
36
eosinophils are produced in large number in people who have?
parasitic infection
37
how eosinophils destroy parasites
they attached on the parasitic molecules through special structures and release substances that can kill many of parasites
38
example of most common parasite
schistosomiasis which affect 1/3rd of population of africa asia and south america. 90% of the worlds cases are in africa
39
how eosinophils kills parasites
1. by releasing hydrolytic enzymes from their modifies lysosomes. 2. by releasing highly reactive form of oxygen 3. by releasing a larvicidal polypeptide called major basic protein
40
a person who ate undercooked pig can get what and is fought by what
trichinella and can be fought be eosinophils
41
eosinophils are also released in
allergic reactions occur, such as in the peribronchial tissues of the lungs in people with asthma and in the skin after allergic skin reactions. This action is caused at least partly by the fact that many mast cells and basophils participate in allergic reactions, as discussed in the next paragraph. The mast cells and basophils release an eosinophil chemotactic factor that causes eosinophils to migrate toward the inflamed allergic tissue. The eosinophils are believed to detoxify some of the inflammation inducing substances released by the mast cells and basophils and probably also phagocytize and destroy allergen-antibody complexes, thus preventing excess spread of the local inflammatory process.
42
heparin prevents
coagulation
43
basophil
The mast cells and basophils play an important role in some types of allergic reactions because the type of antibody that causes allergic reactions, the immunoglobulin E (IgE) type, has a special propensity to become attached to mast cells and basophils. Then, when the specific antigen for the specific IgE antibody subsequently reacts with the antibody, the resulting attachment of antigen to antibody causes the mast cell or basophil to rupture and release large quantities of histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, heparin, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (a mixture of three leukotrienes), and a number of lysosomal enzymes. These substances cause local vascular and tissue reactions that cause many, if not most, of the allergic manifestation
44
what is leukopenia
bone marrow produces less amount of wbc in the body
45
within 2 days when bone marrow stops producing wbcs
ulcers appear in mouth and colon or severe respiratory tract infection.
46
1 week after acute total leukopenia
a person can die
47
what can cause leukopenia ?
Irradiation of the body by x-rays or gamma rays, or exposure to drugs and chemicals that contain benzene or anthracene nuclei, is likely to cause aplasia of the bone marrow. Indeed, some common drugs such as chloramphenicol (an antibiotic), thiouracil (used to treat thyrotoxicosis), and even various barbiturate hypnotics on rare occasions cause leukopenia
48
what is leukemia
Uncontrolled production of WBCs can be caused by cancerous mutation of a myelogenous or lymphogenous cell. This process causes leukemia, which is usually characterized by greatly increased numbers of abnormal WBCs in the circulating blood.
49
2 types of leukemia
lymphocytic leukemia | and myelogenous leukemia
50
effects of luekemia on body
metastatic growth of leukemic cells in abnormal areas of the body. leukemic cells in bone marrow reproduce so much that they spread in surrounding tissues and may even cause bones to fracture and pan anemia and excessive bleeding due to thrombocytopenia excessive use of metabolic substrates by the cancerous cells which weakens the body

physiology (25 decks)

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