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physiology > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Protoplasm

A

the different substances that make up the cell collectively is called as protoplasm

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2
Q

PRotoplasm contains

A

water electrolytes carbohydrates proteins and lipids

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3
Q

Ions present in body are

A

potassium magnesium bicarbonate phosphate sulfate

Low quantities of sodium, chloride and calcium

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4
Q

Ions function

A

provide inorganic chemicals for reactions and also important is some cellular reactions

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5
Q

Most abundant substance after water and its percentage in body

A

its protein which is 20-10% present in body

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6
Q

Two types of protein

A

structural and functional portiens

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7
Q

structural proteins

A

present in the form of long filaments
Microtubules that form cytoskeleton of ciclia, nerve axons and mitotic spindle
Tangled mass of filaments present in cytoplasm and protoplasm keeping its compartments intact
Fibrillar proteins present in collagen and elastic fibers in the connective tissues , in blood vessels and ligaments as well

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8
Q

Functional portein

A

combination of protein subunits present in the form of tubular or globular
Example is enzymes
The process of oxidative respiration

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9
Q

Lipids

A

phospholipids and cholesterol present in the cell (2%bof the total cell mass)membrane and intracellular membrane barriers keeping compartments of cell separated
Triglycerides present 95 of the cell mass of adipocyte and energy storage of our body

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10
Q

Carbohydrate

A

present in the form of glycoprotein, structural function and nutrition
1% of their total mass 6% in liver and 3% in muscle
Glucose in ECF and glycogen as stored form

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11
Q

Organelles that have membranss

A

mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, nucleus, ER

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12
Q

Compositional percentages of cell membrane

A 
55% PROTEIN
25% phospholipid 
13% cholesterol 
4% other lipids 
3% carbohydrates
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13
Q

basic structure of cell membrane

A

is lipid bilayer p, thin double layered film of lipid each layer is one molecule thick and covers the entire cell

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14
Q

Iipids that are present in lipid bilayer are

A

phospholipid, sphingolipid and cholesterol

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15
Q

Explain the structure of phospholipid in lipid bilayer

A

the phospholipid has one and that is hydrophilic the phosphate end and the other lipid end is hydrophobic

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16
Q

Characteristics of hydrophobic and Philip layer and what is their function etc

A

the hydrophobic layer is repelled by water but they have a natural tendency of attach to each other in the middle of the membrane, it doesn’t allow urea ions and glucose to pass through only alcohol o2 and co2 can pass
Hydrophilic is in contact with intracellular and extracellular water

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17
Q

Function of sphingolipid

A

protect from harmful environmental factors
Signal transmission
Site of extracellular protein attachment

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18
Q

FUnction of cholesterol

A

help to determine the degree of permeability of bilayer to water soluble constituents of the body fluids
Controls fluidity of membrane

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19
Q

Integral proteins act as

A

channel pores
Carried proteins
Reception for water soluble chemicals
Attach with specific ligands

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20
Q

What is glycocalyx

A

the carbohydrates of membrane
e are usually glycoprotein or glycolipids. The glyco part is usually protruding out , many proteoglycans are also attached to the outer surface of membrane making a lose carbohydrate coat called as glycocalyx

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21
Q

Carbo protruding outside the membrane has what functions

A

act as receptors for hormones
Negative charge to overall cell which repels other negative charged cells
Glycocalyx of neighboring cells are attached to each other
Participate in immune reactions
Attachment site for hormones such as insulin

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22
Q

Structure location and function of ER

A

it is made up of tubular network called cisternae and flat vascular structures in cytoplasm. Membrane same as plasma membrane contains endoplasmic matrix
It’s space is attached with the space of the two membranes of nuclear membrane, it is placed near to the Golgi apparatus
Its function is to process and transport molecules made by different parts of the cell to either inside the cell or outside

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23
Q

function of RER and SER

A

synthesis of protein

Lipid synthesis phospholipid and cholesterol that are rapidly incorporated in the lipid bilayer

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24
Q

golgi apparatus loation function structure

A

it is lying closely to RER, 4 or more stacked layers of thin, flat vesicles lying near to nucleus
its function is to process molecules which are pinched from RER in the form of transport vesicles
after processing these are pinched off from Golgi as secretory vesicles lysosomes etc

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25
function, structure and location of lysosome and size
lysosome is covered by a lipid bilayers, its cytoplasm contains many granules which are protein aggregates of 40 hydrolases. they are made from the pinching of Golgi apparatus it acts as intracellular digestive system digests damage cellular structure, food particles ingested by cells and bacteria and foreign particles
26
how hydrolases work
the join the hydrogen part of water with one part of compound and hydroxyl part of water with another part and splits the organic compound
27
function location structure of mitochondria
its present in cytoplasm, it has a lipid bilayer the inner membrane has folding's which are called as cristae, the cristae has many oxidative enzymes that take part in extracting energy from nutrients. it has matrix which also contains enzymes its shape and size depends on the need of the energy of the cell its function is to provide energy in the form of ATP it is self replicating and has similar DNA to nucleus.
28
function, structure and location of nucleus
nucleus is present in the cytoplasm, it is the control center of the cell , it has DNA material in it which contains genes that controls the formation of protein and enzyme it also takes part in reproduction through mitosis in which dna is replicated into two identical daughter cells it also controls the cell growth during interphase its seen as darkly stained chromatin which condenses to form chromosome
29
pinocytosis is what
ingestion of minute like particles that form vesicles of extra cellular fluid and particulates constitutes inside the cytoplasm
30
briefly tell how pinocytosis occue
the membrane has special receptors for each proteins that has to be attached and engulfed. when the protein attaches itself to the receptor present on the COATED PITS ON THE MEMBRANE, the cell membrane invaginates and the fibrillar protein (clathrin) surrounds the invaginated pit closing its border around the protein and some extra cellular fluid. it breaks away inside the cell
31
how phagocytosis occur
when the ligand attaches itself to the cell membrane, the point at which its attaches, the membrane starts evaginating outwards surrounding the ligand, more more membrane receptors attach to the ligand like zip manner, actin and myosin filaments push the vesicle inwards and in the end its released to the interior when pinched off
32
lysosome function other than intracellular digestion
tissue regression in areas like mammary glands at the end of lactation or muscles of uterus after pregnancy its function is tissue regression, when a part of cell is destroyed to any reason that part is digested and repaired and if the whole cell is damaged, the entire cell is digested called as autolysis it also kills phagocytosed bacteria by lysozyme that dissolves bacterial cell wall lactoferrin which attaches to iron or any other substance before it can promote bacterial growth and ph of 5 which limits bacterial metabolic activity anf activated hydrolases
33
Percentage of water in body is
75 to 80%
34
Pore in lipid membrane
protein penetrate all the way through the lipid membrane making a specialized pathway for transfer of molecules called as pore
35
cell membrane thickness
7.5 to 10 nanometer
36
Water soluble chemicals are
peptide hormones
37
Explain interaction of cell membrane receptors with ligands
ligands bind to the receptor and cause conformation change jn the receptor which induces interaction between protein and receptor that act as SECOND MESSENGER, transferring the signal from extracellular part of the receptor to intracellular and that's how info is conveyed to the inside of cell
38
Diameter of lysosomes
250-750 nanometer
39
What are peroxisomes and what do they do?
they are formed by self replication and have oxidative enzymes which work-in association with catalase. They join oxygen and hydrogen ions from different intercellular chemicals and form hydrogen peroxide which is highly oxidizing
40
Peroxisomes work on what
they oxidize most of alcohol into acetaldehyde in liver and they oxidize long chain fatty acids
41
Nucleolus
nuclei contains highly staining area called nucleoli. It contains RNA and proteins. and is enlarged in cells that actively synthesize proteins
42
nucleolus formation
the DNA genes in chromosome cause RNA to be synthesized, some is stored in nucleoli rest is transported out of the cell
43
endocytosis
large molecules are enter the cell by specialized function known as endocytosis
44
opsonization
each bacterium is already attached to an antibody, it is the antibody that attaches to the receptor of the phagocyte dragging the bacterium along this is called opsonization
45
digestive vesicle
when some molecule is phagocytosed or pinocytosis the lysosomes attach to it and release its hydrolytic enzymes making a digestive vesicle
46
other functions of ER
provides enzymes that control glycogen breakdown flor glycogen storage detoxify harmful materials by coagulation, oxidation, hydrolysis and conjugation with glycuronic acid
47
additional functions of Golgi apparats are
makes carbohydrates that cant be made by ER | like hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate
48
functions of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate
1. major components of proteoglycans secreted in mucus and glandular secretions 2. component of ground substance or nonfibrous components of ecm which act as a filler between collagen fibers and cells 3. principal components of organic matrix of cartilage and bone 4. migration and proliferation
49
exocytosis in most cases is stimulated by
entry of CA ions
50
the high energy bond of ATP contains how many calories
12k calories per mole of atp
51
how high energy phosphate bonds are highly reliable
they can be split immediately whenever needed
52
what happens in glycolysis
glucose is changed into pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm by enzymes
53
pyruvic acid is converted into what inside what cell?
it is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A in the matrix of mitochondria
54
what happens in citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle
the acetyl coenzyme A is split into its component parts, hydrogen and CO2 THE co2 diffuses out and the H2 is highly reactive and it combines with O2 that diffused in. this combination releases alot of energy that is used by mitochondria to convert large amounts of atp from adp.
55
the Krebs cycle is done by participation of many protein enzymes that are present where
in the membranous shelves that protrude into the mitochondrial matrix
56
what is the initial event of atp formation
electron is removed from H2 to make it into hydrogen ion, the ion combines with oxygen to make water which releases alot of energy to globular proteins protruding from the mitochondrial shelves. these globular proteins are called ATP SYNTHETASE atp synthetase coverts adp into atp
57
the overall process of atp formation is called
chemiosmotic mechanism of atp formation
58
explain ameboid movement and what cell does ameboid movement?
its the crawling like movement of the whole body in relation to its surrounding and its done by white blood cells.
59
ameboid locomotion begins with?
the protrusion of pseudopodia from one end of the cell, that goes and attaches to other tissue and then the reminder of the cell is pulled towards it.
60
three principals of ameboid motion
1. formation of new membrane at the front edge of pseudopodia and reabsorption of membrane at mid and rate end 2. attachment of pseudopodia to tissue through receptor protein 3. actin is found inside the cytoplasm which which form filamentous network and contracts when it binds with myosin in order to pull the cell towards the pseudopodia
61
cells that do ameboid movemet are
WBC to form tissue macrophages fibroblast that travel to damaged area or germinal cells of skin embryonic cells move from one place to another during development cancer cells like sarcomas (metastasis)
62
sarcomas are formed from
connective tissue cells
63
what is chemotaxis
important initiator of ameboid locomotion in the cell by the appears of chemical in tissue is known as chemotaxis
64
positive chemo taxis
when the ameboid locomotion move towards the chemotactic substance from lower concentration to higher concentration
65
cilia and its movement
there are motile and non motile cilia that locomotes in whip like motion on the surface of the cell
66
where cilia are found in human body?
in the respiratory airways and on the inside of uterine tube of the reproductive tract.
67
what does cilia do in these two locations in the human body
in nasal cavity and lower respiratory tract they move the mucus 1cm/min to the pharynx clearing the passage way of mucus and the particles trapped in it IN the uterine tube it moves the fluid from the ostium to the uterus cavity which allows the transportation of ovum to the uterus from the ovary.
68
conditions necessary for continued beating of cilia
1. provision of atp 2. right ionic concentration specially fo CA and magnesium 3. double tubules on the front edge move outwards towards the tip of cilium and the back ones remain in place 4. protein dynein which has ATP-ase enzymatic activity projects out from each double tubule towards the adjacent tubule
69
function of primary cilia
act as sensory antennae, cellular signaling pathways involved the mechanical and chemical sensation, signal transduction, and cell growth
70
function of primary cilia in kidneys and where they are present
they are present in the epithelial cells of the tubules and open into the lumen of tubules their function is flow sensor, when fluid flows, the cilia bend causing flow induced changes in intercellular calcium signaling
71
what happens if primary cilia in kidney tubules are defected
causes diseases know as polycystic kidney disease

physiology (25 decks)

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