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physiology > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Protoplasm

A

the different substances that make up the cell collectively is called as protoplasm

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2
Q

PRotoplasm contains

A

water electrolytes carbohydrates proteins and lipids

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3
Q

Ions present in body are

A

potassium magnesium bicarbonate phosphate sulfate

Low quantities of sodium, chloride and calcium

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4
Q

Ions function

A

provide inorganic chemicals for reactions and also important is some cellular reactions

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5
Q

Most abundant substance after water and its percentage in body

A

its protein which is 20-10% present in body

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6
Q

Two types of protein

A

structural and functional portiens

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7
Q

structural proteins

A

present in the form of long filaments
Microtubules that form cytoskeleton of ciclia, nerve axons and mitotic spindle
Tangled mass of filaments present in cytoplasm and protoplasm keeping its compartments intact
Fibrillar proteins present in collagen and elastic fibers in the connective tissues , in blood vessels and ligaments as well

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8
Q

Functional portein

A

combination of protein subunits present in the form of tubular or globular
Example is enzymes
The process of oxidative respiration

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9
Q

Lipids

A

phospholipids and cholesterol present in the cell (2%bof the total cell mass)membrane and intracellular membrane barriers keeping compartments of cell separated
Triglycerides present 95 of the cell mass of adipocyte and energy storage of our body

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10
Q

Carbohydrate

A

present in the form of glycoprotein, structural function and nutrition
1% of their total mass 6% in liver and 3% in muscle
Glucose in ECF and glycogen as stored form

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11
Q

Organelles that have membranss

A

mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, nucleus, ER

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12
Q

Compositional percentages of cell membrane

A 
55% PROTEIN
25% phospholipid 
13% cholesterol 
4% other lipids 
3% carbohydrates
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13
Q

basic structure of cell membrane

A

is lipid bilayer p, thin double layered film of lipid each layer is one molecule thick and covers the entire cell

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14
Q

Iipids that are present in lipid bilayer are

A

phospholipid, sphingolipid and cholesterol

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15
Q

Explain the structure of phospholipid in lipid bilayer

A

the phospholipid has one and that is hydrophilic the phosphate end and the other lipid end is hydrophobic

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16
Q

Characteristics of hydrophobic and Philip layer and what is their function etc

A

the hydrophobic layer is repelled by water but they have a natural tendency of attach to each other in the middle of the membrane, it doesn’t allow urea ions and glucose to pass through only alcohol o2 and co2 can pass
Hydrophilic is in contact with intracellular and extracellular water

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17
Q

Function of sphingolipid

A

protect from harmful environmental factors
Signal transmission
Site of extracellular protein attachment

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18
Q

FUnction of cholesterol

A

help to determine the degree of permeability of bilayer to water soluble constituents of the body fluids
Controls fluidity of membrane

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19
Q

Integral proteins act as

A

channel pores
Carried proteins
Reception for water soluble chemicals
Attach with specific ligands

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20
Q

What is glycocalyx

A

the carbohydrates of membrane
e are usually glycoprotein or glycolipids. The glyco part is usually protruding out , many proteoglycans are also attached to the outer surface of membrane making a lose carbohydrate coat called as glycocalyx

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21
Q

Carbo protruding outside the membrane has what functions

A

act as receptors for hormones
Negative charge to overall cell which repels other negative charged cells
Glycocalyx of neighboring cells are attached to each other
Participate in immune reactions
Attachment site for hormones such as insulin

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22
Q

Structure location and function of ER

A

it is made up of tubular network called cisternae and flat vascular structures in cytoplasm. Membrane same as plasma membrane contains endoplasmic matrix
It’s space is attached with the space of the two membranes of nuclear membrane, it is placed near to the Golgi apparatus
Its function is to process and transport molecules made by different parts of the cell to either inside the cell or outside

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23
Q

function of RER and SER

A

synthesis of protein

Lipid synthesis phospholipid and cholesterol that are rapidly incorporated in the lipid bilayer

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24
Q

golgi apparatus loation function structure

A

it is lying closely to RER, 4 or more stacked layers of thin, flat vesicles lying near to nucleus
its function is to process molecules which are pinched from RER in the form of transport vesicles
after processing these are pinched off from Golgi as secretory vesicles lysosomes etc

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25
Q

function, structure and location of lysosome and size

A

lysosome is covered by a lipid bilayers, its cytoplasm contains many granules which are protein aggregates of 40 hydrolases.
they are made from the pinching of Golgi apparatus
it acts as intracellular digestive system
digests damage cellular structure, food particles ingested by cells and bacteria and foreign particles

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26
Q

how hydrolases work

A

the join the hydrogen part of water with one part of compound and hydroxyl part of water with another part and splits the organic compound

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27
Q

function location structure of mitochondria

A

its present in cytoplasm, it has a lipid bilayer the inner membrane has folding’s which are called as cristae, the cristae has many oxidative enzymes that take part in extracting energy from nutrients. it has matrix which also contains enzymes
its shape and size depends on the need of the energy of the cell
its function is to provide energy in the form of ATP
it is self replicating and has similar DNA to nucleus.

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28
Q

function, structure and location of nucleus

A

nucleus is present in the cytoplasm, it is the control center of the cell , it has DNA material in it which contains genes that controls the formation of protein and enzyme
it also takes part in reproduction through mitosis in which dna is replicated into two identical daughter cells
it also controls the cell growth
during interphase its seen as darkly stained chromatin which condenses to form chromosome

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29
Q

pinocytosis is what

A

ingestion of minute like particles that form vesicles of extra cellular fluid and particulates constitutes inside the cytoplasm

30
Q

briefly tell how pinocytosis occue

A

the membrane has special receptors for each proteins that has to be attached and engulfed. when the protein attaches itself to the receptor present on the COATED PITS ON THE MEMBRANE, the cell membrane invaginates and the fibrillar protein (clathrin) surrounds the invaginated pit closing its border around the protein and some extra cellular fluid. it breaks away inside the cell

31
Q

how phagocytosis occur

A

when the ligand attaches itself to the cell membrane, the point at which its attaches, the membrane starts evaginating outwards surrounding the ligand, more more membrane receptors attach to the ligand like zip manner, actin and myosin filaments push the vesicle inwards and in the end its released to the interior when pinched off

32
Q

lysosome function other than intracellular digestion

A

tissue regression in areas like mammary glands at the end of lactation or muscles of uterus after pregnancy
its function is tissue regression, when a part of cell is destroyed to any reason that part is digested and repaired and if the whole cell is damaged, the entire cell is digested called as autolysis
it also kills phagocytosed bacteria
by lysozyme that dissolves bacterial cell wall
lactoferrin which attaches to iron or any other substance before it can promote bacterial growth
and ph of 5 which limits bacterial metabolic activity anf activated hydrolases

33
Q

Percentage of water in body is

A

75 to 80%

34
Q

Pore in lipid membrane

A

protein penetrate all the way through the lipid membrane making a specialized pathway for transfer of molecules called as pore

35
Q

cell membrane thickness

A

7.5 to 10 nanometer

36
Q

Water soluble chemicals are

A

peptide hormones

37
Q

Explain interaction of cell membrane receptors with ligands

A

ligands bind to the receptor and cause conformation change jn the receptor which induces interaction between protein and receptor that act as SECOND MESSENGER, transferring the signal from extracellular part of the receptor to intracellular and that’s how info is conveyed to the inside of cell

38
Q

Diameter of lysosomes

A

250-750 nanometer

39
Q

What are peroxisomes and what do they do?

A

they are formed by self replication and have oxidative enzymes which work-in association with catalase.
They join oxygen and hydrogen ions from different intercellular chemicals and form hydrogen peroxide which is highly oxidizing

40
Q

Peroxisomes work on what

A

they oxidize most of alcohol into acetaldehyde in liver and they oxidize long chain fatty acids

41
Q

Nucleolus

A

nuclei contains highly staining area called nucleoli. It contains RNA and proteins. and is enlarged in cells that actively synthesize proteins

42
Q

nucleolus formation

A

the DNA genes in chromosome cause RNA to be synthesized, some is stored in nucleoli rest is transported out of the cell

43
Q

endocytosis

A

large molecules are enter the cell by specialized function known as endocytosis

44
Q

opsonization

A

each bacterium is already attached to an antibody, it is the antibody that attaches to the receptor of the phagocyte dragging the bacterium along this is called opsonization

45
Q

digestive vesicle

A

when some molecule is phagocytosed or pinocytosis the lysosomes attach to it and release its hydrolytic enzymes making a digestive vesicle

46
Q

other functions of ER

A

provides enzymes that control glycogen breakdown flor glycogen storage
detoxify harmful materials by coagulation, oxidation, hydrolysis and conjugation with glycuronic acid

47
Q

additional functions of Golgi apparats are

A

makes carbohydrates that cant be made by ER

like hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate

48
Q

functions of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate

A
  1. major components of proteoglycans secreted in mucus and glandular secretions
  2. component of ground substance or nonfibrous components of ecm which act as a filler between collagen fibers and cells
  3. principal components of organic matrix of cartilage and bone
  4. migration and proliferation
49
Q

exocytosis in most cases is stimulated by

A

entry of CA ions

50
Q

the high energy bond of ATP contains how many calories

A

12k calories per mole of atp

51
Q

how high energy phosphate bonds are highly reliable

A

they can be split immediately whenever needed

52
Q

what happens in glycolysis

A

glucose is changed into pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm by enzymes

53
Q

pyruvic acid is converted into what inside what cell?

A

it is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A in the matrix of mitochondria

54
Q

what happens in citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle

A

the acetyl coenzyme A is split into its component parts, hydrogen and CO2
THE co2 diffuses out and the H2 is highly reactive and it combines with O2 that diffused in. this combination releases alot of energy that is used by mitochondria to convert large amounts of atp from adp.

55
Q

the Krebs cycle is done by participation of many protein enzymes that are present where

A

in the membranous shelves that protrude into the mitochondrial matrix

56
Q

what is the initial event of atp formation

A

electron is removed from H2 to make it into hydrogen ion, the ion combines with oxygen to make water which releases alot of energy to globular proteins protruding from the mitochondrial shelves.
these globular proteins are called ATP SYNTHETASE
atp synthetase coverts adp into atp

57
Q

the overall process of atp formation is called

A

chemiosmotic mechanism of atp formation

58
Q

explain ameboid movement and what cell does ameboid movement?

A

its the crawling like movement of the whole body in relation to its surrounding and its done by white blood cells.

59
Q

ameboid locomotion begins with?

A

the protrusion of pseudopodia from one end of the cell, that goes and attaches to other tissue and then the reminder of the cell is pulled towards it.

60
Q

three principals of ameboid motion

A
  1. formation of new membrane at the front edge of pseudopodia and reabsorption of membrane at mid and rate end
  2. attachment of pseudopodia to tissue through receptor protein
  3. actin is found inside the cytoplasm which which form filamentous network and contracts when it binds with myosin in order to pull the cell towards the pseudopodia
61
Q

cells that do ameboid movemet are

A

WBC to form tissue macrophages
fibroblast that travel to damaged area or germinal cells of skin
embryonic cells move from one place to another during development
cancer cells like sarcomas (metastasis)

62
Q

sarcomas are formed from

A

connective tissue cells

63
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

important initiator of ameboid locomotion in the cell by the appears of chemical in tissue is known as chemotaxis

64
Q

positive chemo taxis

A

when the ameboid locomotion move towards the chemotactic substance from lower concentration to higher concentration

65
Q

cilia and its movement

A

there are motile and non motile cilia that locomotes in whip like motion on the surface of the cell

66
Q

where cilia are found in human body?

A

in the respiratory airways and on the inside of uterine tube of the reproductive tract.

67
Q

what does cilia do in these two locations in the human body

A

in nasal cavity and lower respiratory tract they move the mucus 1cm/min to the pharynx clearing the passage way of mucus and the particles trapped in it
IN the uterine tube it moves the fluid from the ostium to the uterus cavity which allows the transportation of ovum to the uterus from the ovary.

68
Q

conditions necessary for continued beating of cilia

A
  1. provision of atp
  2. right ionic concentration specially fo CA and magnesium
  3. double tubules on the front edge move outwards towards the tip of cilium and the back ones remain in place
  4. protein dynein which has ATP-ase enzymatic activity projects out from each double tubule towards the adjacent tubule
69
Q

function of primary cilia

A

act as sensory antennae, cellular signaling pathways involved the mechanical and chemical sensation, signal transduction, and cell growth

70
Q

function of primary cilia in kidneys and where they are present

A

they are present in the epithelial cells of the tubules and open into the lumen of tubules
their function is flow sensor, when fluid flows, the cilia bend causing flow induced changes in intercellular calcium signaling

71
Q

what happens if primary cilia in kidney tubules are defected

A

causes diseases know as polycystic kidney disease

physiology (25 decks)

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