Chapter 1

Question 1

Extracellular fluids contain

Answer 1

sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions, oxygen, fatty acid, amino acids, carbon dioxide, glucose

Question 2

Intracellular fluid contains

Answer 2

potassium, magnesium and phosphate ions

Question 3

EF is transported in body by two stages which are

Answer 3

through the circulation of blood in blood vessels

And movement of fluid between blood capillaries and the intracellular spaces

Question 4

What are the origins of nutrients in extracellular body

Answer 4

1. Respiratory system
2. Gastrointestinal tract
3. Liver
4. Musculoskeletal system

Question 5

Removal of metabolite end products is done by ?

Answer 5

1. Lungs
2. Kidney
3. GIT

Question 6

Regulation of body functions is done by?

Answer 6

nervous system

Hormone system

Question 7

Name hormones and their functions

Answer 7

Adrenocortical- control sodium and potassium also protein regulation
Parathyroid controls- phosphate and calcium control

Question 8

Protection of the body is done by?

Answer 8

immune system

Integumentary system

Question 9

Examples of control mechanisms

Answer 9

Regulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration

Regulation arterial BP

Question 10

Regulation of oxygen supply through hemoglobin when tissues are o2 deficient is called

Answer 10

Oxygen buffering function of hemoglobin

Question 11

Where are baroreceptors present

Answer 11

Walls of bifurcation regions in the carotid artery of the neck and aortic arch in the thoracic

Question 12

What’s happens when arterial pressure rises High

Answer 12

Baroreceptors send impulses to medulla of the brain which inhibits the vasomotor and the number of impulses send from parasympathetic system, causes vasodilation diminishing pumping activity of heart.

Question 13

Example of positive feedback usefulness

Answer 13

blood clotting
Child birth
Nerve stimulation

Question 14

fluid outside the cell is how much and what it is called?

Answer 14

extracellular fluid and its 1/3rd

Question 15

ecf is mixed b/w what after circulating the whole body?

Answer 15

it is mixed between the blood and tissue fluids by diffusion through capillary walls.

Question 16

ecf is called what and why?

Answer 16

its called internal environment because it contains all the ions and nutrients needed by the cell to maintain life.

Question 17

cells are capable of performing cell functions as long as they have

Answer 17

o2, glucose different ions, amino acids, fatty substances

Question 18

what is the blood hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 18

less than 5 nanomoles/L

Question 19

homeostatic compensation in disease

Answer 19

disease that impairs the kidneys ability to excrete salts and water may lead to high bp, which initially helps return the kidney function to normal but the constant high bp over a period of time damages other organs of the body including kidneys.

Question 20

as blood passes through capillaries how ecf exchange occurs from where to where

Answer 20

exchange of extracellular fluid occurs between the plasma of the blood and interstitial fluid that fills the intercellular space

Question 21

what maintains homogeneity of ecf in body?

Answer 21

the continual mixing of ecf of plasma and interstitial fluid.

Question 22

what’s the function of liver in providing nutrients to ECF

Answer 22

all the nutrients absorbed by the GIT cannot be used so liver changes the chemical composition of them also eliminates certain waste and toxic materials.

Question 23

how kidney perform their function?

Answer 23

filtering large quantities of plasma through the glomeruli capillaries into the tubules and reabsorbing what’s needed by the body

Question 24

excretory products eg.

Answer 24

urea, uric acid, creatinine

Question 25

what does the autonomic system do

Answer 25

operates at a subconscious level and controls pumping of the blood, movements of git and secretions of many body glands.

Question 26

function of thyroid hormone?

Answer 26

increase the rate of most chemical reactions in body and sets a tempo for bodily activities

Question 27

function of insulin?

Answer 27

metabolism of glucose

Question 28

function of adrenocortical hormone?

Answer 28

control potassium and sodium ion conc and protein metabolism

Question 29

function of parathyroid hormone?

Answer 29

controls phosphate and calcium

Question 30

body weight of skin?

Answer 30

12-15%

Question 31

example of interrelationships between organs

Answer 31

reparatory system works with the nervous system to maintain the blood oxygen levels

Question 32

a higher than normal concentration of co2 in blood excites

Answer 32

respiratory center

Question 33

baroreceptors are stimulated by

Answer 33

stretch in atrial wall

Question 34

lack of impulses through vasomotor center causes

Answer 34

dilation of peripheral blood vessels , diminished pumping activity and more blood passes through vessels.

Question 35

what happens when arterial pressure decreases?

Answer 35

vasomotor center becomes more active, constricts the peripheral vessels and increase the heart pumping.

Question 36

how much of an increase in body temp is harmful and what does it causes?

Answer 36

11F (7 DEGREES) in temp can increase the metabolic activity of cells to a dangerous level that destroys the cell.

Question 37

the normal PH of body is?

Answer 37

7.4

Question 38

lethal value of ph in body

Answer 38

0.5 on either side is lethal

Question 39

what decreases in K level is dangerous and what does it causes

Answer 39

less than 1/3rd decrease than normal, can cause paralysis from inability of nerves to carry signals.

Question 40

what increase in K level causes dangerous consequences on body and what consequences

Answer 40

two fold increase in K level can severely depress heart muscles

Question 41

what decrease in Ca level is dangerous and what does it causes

Answer 41

decrease of about one-half normal can cause severe muscle tetanic contractions because of spontaneous generation of nerve impulses in peripheral nerves

Question 42

what decrease in glucose level is dangerous and what does it cause

Answer 42

decrease below one half normal a person exhibits extreme mental irritability and sometimes has convulsions

Question 43

positive feedback is not used in most cases cause

Answer 43

it leads to instability rather than stability.

Question 44

example of positive feed back related to blood clot

Answer 44

when u have a blood vessel ruptured, the blood clots which causes the formation of clotting factors (enzyme) which acts on adjacent blood to clot

Question 45

+ feedback causes heart attck how?

Answer 45

formation of clots goes out of hands when a clot is made in the internal surface of a atherosclerotic plaque in coronary artery

Question 46

positive feedback reaction in child birth

Answer 46

when the baby head is pushed due to contraction the stretching of cervix sends signals through the uterine muscle to the uterus body to cause even a more powerful contraction

Question 47

positive feedback in nerve impulses

Answer 47

stimulations in the muscle fiber of a nerve causes leakage of Na ions inside, when the Na ions move inside they change the membrane potential and causes more leakage of Na ions and so forth

Question 48

feed forward control

Answer 48

some movements of body occur so rapidly thats its not enough time for the nerve impulse to travel from the peripheral parts of the body to the brain and then back to periphery again to control a movement. so they are controlled by feed forward control

Question 49

adaptive control

Answer 49

nerve moments in the parts apprise the brain if the movements are done right or wrong, if the movement is done wrong then the brain corrects the feed forward signals .this is called adaptive control