Chapter 1 Flashcards
Extracellular fluids contain
sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions, oxygen, fatty acid, amino acids, carbon dioxide, glucose
Intracellular fluid contains
potassium, magnesium and phosphate ions
EF is transported in body by two stages which are
through the circulation of blood in blood vessels
And movement of fluid between blood capillaries and the intracellular spaces
What are the origins of nutrients in extracellular body
- Respiratory system
- Gastrointestinal tract
- Liver
- Musculoskeletal system
Removal of metabolite end products is done by ?
- Lungs
- Kidney
- GIT
Regulation of body functions is done by?
nervous system
Hormone system
Name hormones and their functions
Adrenocortical- control sodium and potassium also protein regulation
Parathyroid controls- phosphate and calcium control
Protection of the body is done by?
immune system
Integumentary system
Examples of control mechanisms
Regulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration
Regulation arterial BP
Regulation of oxygen supply through hemoglobin when tissues are o2 deficient is called
Oxygen buffering function of hemoglobin
Where are baroreceptors present
Walls of bifurcation regions in the carotid artery of the neck and aortic arch in the thoracic
What’s happens when arterial pressure rises High
Baroreceptors send impulses to medulla of the brain which inhibits the vasomotor and the number of impulses send from parasympathetic system, causes vasodilation diminishing pumping activity of heart.
Example of positive feedback usefulness
blood clotting
Child birth
Nerve stimulation
fluid outside the cell is how much and what it is called?
extracellular fluid and its 1/3rd
ecf is mixed b/w what after circulating the whole body?
it is mixed between the blood and tissue fluids by diffusion through capillary walls.
ecf is called what and why?
its called internal environment because it contains all the ions and nutrients needed by the cell to maintain life.
cells are capable of performing cell functions as long as they have
o2, glucose different ions, amino acids, fatty substances
what is the blood hydrogen ion concentration
less than 5 nanomoles/L
homeostatic compensation in disease
disease that impairs the kidneys ability to excrete salts and water may lead to high bp, which initially helps return the kidney function to normal but the constant high bp over a period of time damages other organs of the body including kidneys.
as blood passes through capillaries how ecf exchange occurs from where to where
exchange of extracellular fluid occurs between the plasma of the blood and interstitial fluid that fills the intercellular space
what maintains homogeneity of ecf in body?
the continual mixing of ecf of plasma and interstitial fluid.
what’s the function of liver in providing nutrients to ECF
all the nutrients absorbed by the GIT cannot be used so liver changes the chemical composition of them also eliminates certain waste and toxic materials.
how kidney perform their function?
filtering large quantities of plasma through the glomeruli capillaries into the tubules and reabsorbing what’s needed by the body
excretory products eg.
urea, uric acid, creatinine
what does the autonomic system do
operates at a subconscious level and controls pumping of the blood, movements of git and secretions of many body glands.
function of thyroid hormone?
increase the rate of most chemical reactions in body and sets a tempo for bodily activities
function of insulin?
metabolism of glucose
function of adrenocortical hormone?
control potassium and sodium ion conc and protein metabolism
function of parathyroid hormone?
controls phosphate and calcium
body weight of skin?
12-15%
example of interrelationships between organs
reparatory system works with the nervous system to maintain the blood oxygen levels
a higher than normal concentration of co2 in blood excites
respiratory center
baroreceptors are stimulated by
stretch in atrial wall
lack of impulses through vasomotor center causes
dilation of peripheral blood vessels , diminished pumping activity and more blood passes through vessels.
what happens when arterial pressure decreases?
vasomotor center becomes more active, constricts the peripheral vessels and increase the heart pumping.
how much of an increase in body temp is harmful and what does it causes?
11F (7 DEGREES) in temp can increase the metabolic activity of cells to a dangerous level that destroys the cell.
the normal PH of body is?
7.4
lethal value of ph in body
0.5 on either side is lethal
what decreases in K level is dangerous and what does it causes
less than 1/3rd decrease than normal, can cause paralysis from inability of nerves to carry signals.
what increase in K level causes dangerous consequences on body and what consequences
two fold increase in K level can severely depress heart muscles
what decrease in Ca level is dangerous and what does it causes
decrease of about one-half normal can cause severe muscle tetanic contractions because of spontaneous generation of nerve impulses in peripheral nerves
what decrease in glucose level is dangerous and what does it cause
decrease below one half normal a person exhibits extreme mental irritability and sometimes has convulsions
positive feedback is not used in most cases cause
it leads to instability rather than stability.
example of positive feed back related to blood clot
when u have a blood vessel ruptured, the blood clots which causes the formation of clotting factors (enzyme) which acts on adjacent blood to clot
+ feedback causes heart attck how?
formation of clots goes out of hands when a clot is made in the internal surface of a atherosclerotic plaque in coronary artery
positive feedback reaction in child birth
when the baby head is pushed due to contraction the stretching of cervix sends signals through the uterine muscle to the uterus body to cause even a more powerful contraction
positive feedback in nerve impulses
stimulations in the muscle fiber of a nerve causes leakage of Na ions inside, when the Na ions move inside they change the membrane potential and causes more leakage of Na ions and so forth
feed forward control
some movements of body occur so rapidly thats its not enough time for the nerve impulse to travel from the peripheral parts of the body to the brain and then back to periphery again to control a movement. so they are controlled by feed forward control
adaptive control
nerve moments in the parts apprise the brain if the movements are done right or wrong, if the movement is done wrong then the brain corrects the feed forward signals .this is called adaptive control
