Chapter 33 - Animal Form & Function Flashcards
What does an animal’s body plan do?
Limit its size, shape, and ability to interact with the environment
Animals with an asymmetrical body plan are…
- Aquatic
- Sessile
- Filter-feeders
Animals with a radial body plan are…
- Motile Aquatic
- Filter-feeders or active-feeders
Animals with bilateral body plan are….
- Can be aquatic but all terrestrial animals are bilateral
- Have cephalization so their movement is forward/backward
- Motile and active-feeders
- Anterior, posterior, dorsal, and ventral
Aquatic bilateral animals have a _________ shape to do what?
Fusiform; minimize drag in water
(convergent evolution)
What constrains aquatic animals?
density of water
What contains terrestrial animals?
gravity
What does an exoskeleton do for animals that have it?
Provides support and protection
What are exoskeletons most often made of?
Chitin or calcium carbonate
What are apodemes?
ingrowths that are the sites of muscle attachment in exoskeletons
What does having an exoskeleton limit?
the animal’s size
All chordate animals have what?
an endoskeleton
What are the 2 defined body cavities that bilateral animals have and what are their smaller cavities?
- Dorsal - cranial & vertebral cavity
- Ventral/Thoracic - pleural & cardiac
Animals obtain energy from…
the food they digest
What molecules are converted to ATP for immediate energy?
- Carbohydrates
- Protein
- Lipids
What stores long-term energy?
Glycogen & Fat
What does the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics state?
Energy cannot be converted from one form to another with 100% efficiency
How does the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics apply to animals?
- Converting macromolecules to ATP, glycogen, or fat gives off energy in the form of heat
- Endothermic animals use that heat to maintain thermal homeostasis
What is Metabolic Rate?
The amount of energy expended over a given time (measured in joules or calories)
Poikilothermic animals allow their body temperature to what?
allow their body temperature to fluctuate depending on the environment
What is torpor?
an animals’ ability to adapt to seasonal temperature and/or food and water availability in extreme environments
What is a type of winter torpor?
Hibernation
What is a type of summer torpor?
Estivation
True or False: Torpor cannot occur on a daily basis
False: Torpor can occur on a daily basis
