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Biology Unit 4 > Chapter 29 - Vertebrates > Flashcards

Chapter 29 - Vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 defining characteristics of the phylum Chordata?

A
  • Notochord
  • Dorsal hollow nerve cord
  • Pharyngeal slits
  • Post-anal tail
  • Endostyle/Thyroid gland
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2
Q

What is the body plan and embryotic development in Chordates?

A

Bilateral deuterostomes

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3
Q

What are the germ layers/types of tissue Chordates have?

A

Triploblastic eucoelomates

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4
Q

What is a Notochord?

A
  • Flexible, rod structure derived from mesoderm tissue
  • Provides rigid support and muscle attachment sites
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5
Q

What is a Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord?

A
  • Hollow tube derived from ectoderm
  • Develops into brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)
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6
Q

What are Pharyngeal slits?

A

Openings to the pharynx that allow connection between the external environment and pharynx (ex. gill support, ear development, filter-feeding)

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7
Q

What is a post-anal tail?

A

Posterior tail that extends beyond the anus that has skeletal and muscular components

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8
Q

In aquatic species of Chordata, what is the post-anal tail used for?

A

Locomotion

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9
Q

In terrestrial species of Chordata, what is the post-anal tail used for?

A

Balance

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10
Q

In humans and great apes, what is the post-anal tail used for?

A

It’s reduced to the coccyx

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11
Q

What is the Endostyle/Thyroid gland?

A

Mucus-producing tissue in the pharynx

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12
Q

What are the 2 Chordate clades that are invertebrates?

A

Cephalochordata (lancelets) & Urochordata (tunicates)

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13
Q

What is the subphylum of Chordata?

A

Vertebrata (Craniata)

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14
Q

What is a cranium in Chordates?

A

a bony, cartilaginous or ligamentous structure surrounding the brain, including jaw bones and facial bones

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15
Q

True or False: Bilateral animals almost always have a head but not all have a cranium

A

True

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16
Q

What’s 1 major novel evolutionary adaptation that Vertebrata/Craniata have?

A

Vertebral column (spine)

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17
Q

True or False: Both embryos and adults have notochords

A

False: Embryos have a notochord, but vertebral segments replace that in adults

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18
Q

What 2 characteristics make up the Subphylum Vertebrata?

A
  • Have a jaw (Gnathostomes)
  • No jaw (Agnathostomes)
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19
Q

Gnathostomes are divided into…

A
  • Fishes
  • Tetrapods
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20
Q

What can Tetrapods be divided into?

A
  • Amphibians
  • Amniotes
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21
Q

Which animal is the earliest vertebrate?

A

Fishes

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22
Q

Are fish active or sessile feeders?

A

Active

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23
Q

What are the 2 groups of Chordata: Fish?

A
  • Agnathastomes - jawless
  • Gnathostomes - jawed
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24
Q

What do Agnathastome Fish have?

A

A cranium and brain

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25
Q

What are the 2 classes of Agnathastome Fish?

A

Myxini (hagfish) & Petromyzontida (lamprey)

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26
Q

What are the 2 extremely important novel traits that Gnathastome Fish have?

A
  • True, hinged jaw
  • Paired pectoral fins & pelvic fins
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27
Q

What does the evolution of a hinged jaw allow animals to do?

A
  • Grasping and tearing food
  • Made additional food sources available
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28
Q

What does the evolution of pectoral and pelvic fins allow animals to do?

A

Accurate movement

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29
Q

What are the 2 classes of Gnathastome Fish?

A
  • Chondrichthyes
  • Osteichthyes
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30
Q

Describe the class of Chondrichthye Fish

A
  • Cartilaginous jawed fish (sharks, rays, skates)
  • Abrasive skin covered with placoid scales
  • Well-developed sensory system
  • Dorsolaterally flattened
  • Unequal-sized fins
  • Breathe through gills
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31
Q

How does the increased surface area of gills help it be a respiratory organ?

A

Increased surface area ensures that enough oxygen can be absorbed from oxygen-poor water

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32
Q

Diffusion occurs from [high or low] concentration to [high or low] concentration

A

High; Low

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33
Q

How do Chondrichthyes reproduce and what are the different types?

A

Internal fertilization:
* Viviparous - live birth
* Oviparous - lay eggs
* Ovoviviparous - eggs hatch in utero

34
Q

Describe the class of Osteichthye Fish

A
  • Bony jawed fish (not cartilage)
  • Carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous
  • Respiration through gills
  • Well-developed sensory system
  • Vertically flattened
  • Equal-sized fins
  • External Fertilization
35
Q

How many chambers does a Fish’s circulatory system have?

A

2 chamber; 1 atrium and 1 ventricle

36
Q

What type of circuit do Fish have as their circulatory system and how does it work?

A

Single circuit
blood → gills → body → heart

37
Q

Which Chordata animals are considered to be “dual life”?

A

Amphibians

38
Q

What animals are included in Chordata: Amphibians?

A

Frogs, salamanders, caecilians

39
Q

What is the evolutionary novel trait that Amphibians have?

A

First vertebrate tetrapods, meaning they have 4 limbs

40
Q

How can respiration occur in Amphibians?

A

Skin, Lungs, or Mouth

41
Q

What kind of eaters are Amphibians?

A

All are carnivorous

42
Q

What kind of skin do Amphibians have?

A

Moist, permeable skin that can absorb water

43
Q

Describe Amphibian reproduction

A
  • Complete metamorphosis
  • External fertilization
44
Q

Describe the metamorphosis of tadpoles

A
  • Lose tail and gills
  • Develop 4 limbs
  • Develop fully hinged jaw & digestive system
  • Develop eardrums
  • Develop lungs
45
Q

How many chambers does the heart of Amphibians have?

A

3 chambers
2 atria and 1 ventricle

46
Q

What kind of circuit do Amphibians have and how does it work?

A

Double Circuit
Heart → Lungs/Skin → Heart → Body

47
Q

Name the subclass and 3 orders of Chordata: Amphibians

A

Lissamphibia:
* Urodela
* Anura
* Apoda

48
Q

What are characteristics of Urodela?

A
  • Salamanders
  • Lungless; respiration occurs through skin or external gills
49
Q

What are characteristics of Anura?

A
  • Frogs and toads
  • Have lungs and eardrums
  • Can vocalize
  • Diverse clade
50
Q

What are characteristics of Apoda?

A
  • Caecilians
  • No limbs
51
Q

What animals are included in Chordata: Reptiles?

A

Lizards, snakes, alligators, turtles, tortoises, (some) birds

52
Q

What is the novel adaptation that allowed Reptiles to fully live on land?

A

Amniotic egg that prevented desiccation of the zygote

53
Q

Are Reptiles ectotherms or endotherms?

A

Ectotherms

54
Q

What are the characteristics of the Amniotic Egg that allow it to be a novel adaptation for terrestrial reproduction?

A
  • Albumen fluid
  • Yolk sac
  • Yolk
  • Amnion
  • Chorion
  • Allantois
55
Q

How many chambers does the heart of a Reptile have?

A

3 chambers; 2 atria and 1 ventricle

56
Q

Which animals are the exception to the 3-chambered hearts of Reptiles?

A

Alligators & Crocodiles (they have 4 chambers)

57
Q

What kind of circuit do Reptiles have for their circulatory system and how does it work?

A

Double
Heart → Lungs → Heart → Body

58
Q

What are the 4 reptilian orders?

A
  • Crocodilia - alligators, crocodiles, caimans, gharials
  • Sphenodontia - tuataras
  • Squamata - lizards, snakes
  • Testudines - turtles, tortoises, terrapins
59
Q

What is the only extant clade that evolved from dinosaurs?

A

Chordata: Birds

60
Q

What is the novel trait that Chordata: Birds have?

A

Feathers

61
Q

Are Birds endotherms or ectotherms?

A

Endotherms

62
Q

How do Birds reproduce?

A

Internal fertilization

63
Q

Describe the sensory system of Birds

A
  • Large brain
  • Keen eyesight
  • Complex vocalization/communication
64
Q

What are the flight requirements for Chordata: Birds?

A
  • Wings
  • Feathers
  • Low body weight
  • Lower density bones
  • No urinary bladder
  • Counter-current respiratory system
  • High metabolism
65
Q

How does a counter-current respiratory system (in Birds) work?

A

Air flows in one direction, blood flow in opposite direction

66
Q

What are the two novel adaptations that Chordata: Mammals have?

A

Hair and Mammary glands

67
Q

What does hair provide for Mammals?

A
  • Insulation to retain body temperature
  • Sensory information (vibrissae/whiskers)
  • Communication
68
Q

What do mammary glands provide for Mammals?

A

Milk to feed young

69
Q

Name the 3 secretory glands that Chordata: Mammals have and what they do

A
  • Sebaceous - lipids for waterproofing
  • Eccrine - perspiration for regulation of body temperature
  • Apocrine - scent
70
Q

What type of muscle in the jaw of Mammals allow for up-down and side-side movement for chewing?

A

Adductor

71
Q

What kind of teeth to Chordata: Mammals have?

A

Specialized heterodont teeth (diphyodonts)

72
Q

How many chambers do the hearts of Mammals have?

A

4 chambered heart; 2 atria and 2 ventricles

73
Q

What ensures the rhythmic beat in a Mammal’s heart?

A

Sinoatrial node

74
Q

What do the kidneys of Mammals have?

A

Loop of Henle

75
Q

What do the turbinate bones in a Mammal’s nasal cavity do?

A

Warm inhaled air

76
Q

What does the brain of a Mammal have and what does it provide?

A

Cerebral cortex; keen sensory, motor, and cognitive skills

77
Q

True or False: Oxygentated blood and deoxygenated blood are separated

A

True

78
Q

Describe how a Mammal’s circulatory system work

A

Deox. Blood from body → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs → Ox. Blood → Heart → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta → Body

79
Q

In Mammals, [oxygenated or deoxygenated] blood stays on the right side of the heart, and [oxygenated or deoxygenated] blood stays on the left side.

A

Deoxygenated; Oxygenated

80
Q

Explain how the Mammalian Pulmonary System works

A

Air → Nasal Cavity → Warm Air → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Lungs → Exhale out of Lungs

81
Q

What is the major branch of the trachea that divides into 2?

A

Primary bronchi

82
Q

What are the 3 major groups of Chordata: Mammals that relate to pregnancy and gestation

A
  • Monotremes - lay eggs
  • Marsupials - born fetal then further develop outside
  • Placentals - live birth

Biology Unit 4 (5 decks)

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