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Biology Unit 4 > Chapter 28 - Invertebrates > Flashcards

Chapter 28 - Invertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Invertebrates lack what?

A

Spine and Cranium

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2
Q

What are the 8 Phyla of Intertebrates?

A
  • Porifera
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Mollusca
  • Annelida
  • Nematoda
  • Arthropoda
  • Echinodermata
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3
Q

What animals are in the Porifera phylum?

A

Sponges

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4
Q

True or False: Porifera (sponges) do not have “true” tissue (i.e. no gastrulation and they’re not diplo/triploblastic)

A

True

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5
Q

How do Porifera move?

A

As larvae, they can swim but eventually, they settle on a substrate and then grow into an adult (they’re not motile)

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6
Q

How do Porifera eat and breathe?

A

They’re filter-feeders

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7
Q

What is the Body Plan of Porifera?

A

Asymmetrical

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8
Q

What is the large, internal cavity of a sponge (porifera)?

A

Spongocoel

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9
Q

Water flows into the Spongocoel through what?

A

Ostia (pores)

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10
Q

What is Osculum?

A

A large opening at the top of the sponge where water is expelled

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11
Q

Sponges (Porifera) lack which systems?

A
  • Digestive
  • Nervous
  • Respiratory
  • Circulatory
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12
Q

How is food digested in Porifera (sponges)?

A

Intracellularly; they are absorbed by cells inside the spongocoel

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13
Q

How does Gas Exchange, Circulation, and Waste Excretion process in Porifera (sponges)?

A

Diffusion

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14
Q

How do the contraction and choanocyte cells communicate?

A

Intercellularly

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15
Q

How do Porifera (sponges) reproduce?

A

Both sexually and asexually

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16
Q

What animals make up the Cnidaria phylum?

A

Jellyfish and Anemones

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17
Q

What is the body plan of Cnidarians?

A

Radial or Bilateral

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18
Q

What type of tissues do Cnidarians have?

A

Diploblastic

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19
Q

True or False: Cnidarians are protostomes

A

False: Cnidarians are neither protostomes or deuterostomes

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20
Q

What kind of digestive system do Cnidarians have?

A

Incomplete

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21
Q

What does it mean for an animal to have an Incomplete Digestive System?

A

The animal is not a protostome or deuterostome; food and waste enters/leaves through the same opening

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22
Q

What is a defining characteristic of Cnidarians?

A

Cnidocyte

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23
Q

What are Cnidocytes?

A

Stinging cells

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24
Q

What are Nematocysts?

A

Stinging Organelles

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25
Q

What are the 2 body types of Cnidarians?

A

Polyp and Medusa

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26
Q

Polyp species are [sessile or motile?]

A

Sessile

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27
Q

Medusa species are [sessile or motile?]

A

Motile

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28
Q

In Cnidarians, the Gastrodermis is derived from what?

A

Endoderm tissue

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29
Q

In Cnidarians, the Epidermis is derived from what?

A

Ectoderm tissue

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30
Q

True or False: Cnidarians have non-living mesoglea tissue between them

A

True

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31
Q

Cnidarians have specialized tissue cells but no _________

A

No true organ systems

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32
Q

True or False: Cnidarians have a nervous system

A

False: They have nerve cells but no nervous system

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33
Q

What kind of cells do Cnidarians have for movement?

A

Contractile Epithelial Cells

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34
Q

Cnidarians don’t have a digestive system but they do have…

A
  • Enzyme excreting cells
  • Nutrient absorbing cells
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35
Q

The gastrovascular cavity in Cnidarians have how many openings?

A

1; it is both the mouth and anus

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36
Q

How are nutrients absorbed in Cnidarians?

A

Nutrients are distributed through the Mesoglea to the Epidermal cells

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37
Q

Name the 5 Cnidarian classes

A
  • Anthozoa
  • Scyohozoa
  • Cubozoa
  • Hydrozoa
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38
Q

What animals make up the Anthozoa class of Cnidarias?

A

Sessile Polyp species (coral, sea fans, sea anemones)

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39
Q

What animals make up the Scyphozoa class of Cnidarias?

A

Medusa species & Jellyfish

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40
Q

What animals make up the Cubozoa class of Cnidarias?

A

Medusa species & Box jellies

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41
Q

What animals make up the Hydrozoa class of Cnidarias?

A

Sessile & Medusa species (hydra, Portuguese man o’ war)

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42
Q

How do Cnidarians (jellyfish) reproduce?

A

Mostly sexual but some are asexual

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43
Q

What animals make up the Platyhelminthes phylum?

A

Flatworms

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44
Q

What body plan do Platyhelminthes have?

A

Bilaterial

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45
Q

What type of gastrulation tissues do Platyhelminthes have?

A

Triploblastic (acoelmate)

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46
Q

Are Platyhelminthes protostomes or deuterostomes?

A

Protostomes

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47
Q

True of False: Platyhelminthes have a complete digestive system

A

False: They have an incomplete digestive system

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48
Q

What is Cephalization?

A

Formation of tissues and organs during embryonic development of the zygote

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49
Q

What kind of cephalization do Platyhelminthes have?

A

Simple cephalization, meaning they have nerve tissues and sensory organs in a head

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50
Q

How can Platyhelminthes hunt/look for food?

A

Free-living (predators or scavengers) or Parasitic

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51
Q

In Platyhelminthes, where do ingested food go to?

A

Ingested food goes into the rudimentary digestive system (food is digested in the intestine)

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52
Q

How do Platyhelminthes digest their food?

A

Extracellularly then absorbed into gut cells (cells of gut)

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53
Q

In Platyhelminthes, where do waste products go?

A

Waste products are returned to the gut and then released through the mouth/anus

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54
Q

How does the Excretory System work in Platyhelminthes?

A

The Excretory System is a network of tubules running along the periphery

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55
Q

What are the flame cells in Platyhelminthes?

A

Flame cells have cilia that propel waste fluid out of the body through pores

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56
Q

What makes up a Platyhelminthes’ nervous system and what do they do?

A

2 cerebral ganglia for sensing light and chemicals

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57
Q

Which systems do Platyhelminthes NOT have?

A

Circulatory & Respiratory

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58
Q

How do Platyhelminthes do gas exchange?

A

Gas exchange through the Epidermis

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59
Q

How are nutrients distributed in Platyhelminthes?

A

Nutrients are distributed through gap junctions

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60
Q

How do Platyhelminthes reproduce?

A

Most are monoecious, meaning they have internal fertilization and produce eggs

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61
Q

What animals make up the Mollusca phylum?

A

Snails, Mussels, Octopodes, etc.

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62
Q

What is the body plan of Molluscas?

A

Bilateral with cephalization

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63
Q

What kind of tissues do Molluscas have?

A

Triploblastic, eucoelomate

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64
Q

Are Molluscas are [protostome or deuterostome?]

A

Protostomes

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65
Q

Do Molluscas have an incomplete or complete digestive system?

A

Complete Digestive System; they have a mouth and anus

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66
Q

What body parts do all species of Mollusca have and what do they do?

A
  • Foot - locomotion
  • Visceral mass - main body
  • Mantle - calcium carbonate shell
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67
Q

What type of respiratory systems do Mollusca have?

A
  • Gills in aquatic species
  • Mantle in terrestrial species
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68
Q

How does the Complete Digestive system work in Molluscas?

A

Food ingested through the mouth → Processed in the gut → Waste expelled through anus

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69
Q

How does the Circulatory system work in Molluscas?

A

It’s varied; depends on class

70
Q

How does the Nervous system work in Molluscas?

A

It’s varied; depends on class

71
Q

What are the 3 classes of Mollusca?

A
  • Bivalvia
  • Gastropoda
  • Cephalopoda
72
Q

What kind of species makes up the Bivalvia class of Mollusca?

A

Marine & Freshwater species

73
Q

Describe the body of Bivalvia Mollusca

A

Body is enclosed in a 2-part shell

74
Q

What closes the 2-part shell that Bivalvia have?

A

Adductor muscle

75
Q

What opens the 2-part shell that Bivalvia have?

A

Abductor muscle

76
Q

True or False: Bivalvia Mollusca have cephalization

A

False: They have no cephalization, but some do have eye spots

77
Q

How do Bivalvia Mollusca eat?

A

Filter feeders; they intake and expel water

78
Q

How do Bivalvia Mollusca capture food?

A

Food is captured by their gills and moved to their mouth via cilia

79
Q

How do Bivalvia respirate?

A

Gills; oxygen in the water diffuse into their gills

80
Q

How is metabolic waste excreted in Bivalvia Mollusca?

A

Metabolic waste is excreted by a pair of Nephridia

81
Q

What kind of Circulatory system do Bivalvia Mollusca have?

A

Open circulatory system, meaning they have no blood vessels or veins

82
Q

What kind of reproduction do Bivalvias go through?

A

Sexual; they produce larvae

83
Q

What animals make up the Bivalvia class of Mollusca?

A

Clams, mussels, oysters, etc.

84
Q

What kind of species makes up the Gastropoda class of Mollusca?

A

Marine, Freshwater, and Terrestrial species

85
Q

True or False: All species of Gastropoda have shells

A

False: Some have shells, others don’t

86
Q

In Gastropodas, what is used for locomotion?

A

Foot

87
Q

What kind of cephalization do Gastropodas have?

A

True cephalization

88
Q

What body parts are made from the cephalization of Gastropodas?

A

Head, eyes, tentacles

89
Q

What kind of Nervous system do Gastropodas have?

A

Simple nervous system

90
Q

What type of eaters are Gastropodas?

A

Herbivores (or Predators)

91
Q

How do Gastropodas eat?

A

The Radula “tongue” scrapes food off surfaces

92
Q

How do Gastropodas respirate?

A
  • Gills in aquatic species
  • Mantle in terrestrial species
93
Q

What kind of circulatory system do Gastropodas have?

A

Open circulatory system, meaning they have no blood vessels or veins

94
Q

What do Gastropodas have to excrete metabolic waste?

A

Nephridia

95
Q

What kind of sexual reproduction do Gastropodas go through?

A

Sexual; produces eggs (no larval stage)

96
Q

What animals make up the Gastropoda class of Mollusca?

A

Snails, slugs, conchs, etc.

97
Q

What type of shells does the Cephalopoda class have?

A
  • Nautiluses have an external shell
  • Squid, octopodes, and cuttlefish have an internal shell
97
Q

What kind of eaters are Cephalopods?

A

Carnivorous predators

98
Q

What body part allows Cephalopods to eat other animals?

A

Jawed beak

99
Q

What kind of cephalization do Cephalopods have?

A

True cephalization; they are highly intelligent and have a well-developed nervous system with eyes

100
Q

What kind of circulatory system do Cephalopods have?

A

Closed circulatory system (they are the only Mollusca class to have that)

101
Q

How is the muscular foot of Cephalopods divided?

A
  • Tentacles
  • Arms
102
Q

How do Cephalopods move/what do they use for locomotion?

A

Siphon

103
Q

Describe the respiratory system of Cephalopods.

A

2 well-developed gills with a heart on each

104
Q

True or False: Cephalopods have nephridia

A

True

105
Q

How do Cephalopods reproduce?

A

Sexual; produce eggs (no larval stage)

106
Q

What animals make up the Cephalopoda class of Mollusca?

A

Nautilus, Cuttlefish, Squid, Octopus, etc.

107
Q

What is the phylum Annelida?

A

Segmented worms

108
Q

What species make up the Annelida phylum?

A

Marine, terrestrial, and freshwater species

109
Q

What is the body plan of Annelids (segmented worms)?

A

Bilateral

110
Q

What kind of cephalization do Annelids (segmented worms) have?

A

Minimal or no true cephalization

111
Q

What kind of tissues do Annelids have?

A

Triploblastic, eucoelomate

112
Q

Are Annelids protostomes or deuterostomes?

A

Protostome

113
Q

What kind of Digestive system do Annelids have?

A

Complete digestive system

114
Q

What kind of segmentation do Annelids have?

A

Metameric segmentation, meaning they have repeated internal and external features

115
Q

What are Polychaetes?

A

Marine Annelids

116
Q

What are Oligochaetes?

A

Terrestrial Annelids

117
Q

How do Annelids eat?

A

Some are filter-feeders while others are predatory or parasitic

118
Q

What protects the epidermis of Annelids?

A

A chitinous cuticle that have bristles called setae

119
Q

What kind of cuticle protects the epidermis of Polychaetes Annelids?

A

Parapodia

120
Q

What makes up a Annelid’s digestive tract?

A
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Crop
  • Gizzard
  • Intestine
  • Anus
121
Q

How do Annelids excrete metabolic waste?

A

By their metanephridia

122
Q

What kind of nervous system do Annelids have?

A

well-developed nervous system with a nerve cord and ganglia

123
Q

How do monoecious Annelids reproduce?

A
  • Both male and female parts in the same animal
  • Permanent gonads
  • Self-fertilization or cross-fertilization
124
Q

How do dioecious Annelids reproduce?

A
  • Male animal and female animal
  • Temporary gonads
125
Q

How do Polychaete Annelids reproduce?

A
  • External fertilization → Larvae produced → Metamorphosizes into adult
  • They can also reproduce asexually by fragmentation
126
Q

How do Oligochaete Annelids reproduce?

A

Internal fertilization → Eggs develop → Worm hatches from egg

127
Q

What kind of respiratory system do Annelids have?

A

No respiratory system; gas exchanged through epidermis

128
Q

What animal make up the Nematoda phylum?

A

Roundworms

129
Q

What is the body plan of Nematodes?

A

Bilateral

130
Q

What kind of tissues do Nematodes have?

A

Triploblastic, pseudocoelomate

131
Q

Are Nematodes protostomes or deuterostomes?

A

Protostomes

132
Q

What kind of digestive system to Nematodes have?

A

Complete digestive system

133
Q

What is the defining characteristic of Nematodes (roundworms)?

A

Cuticle exoskeleton

134
Q

True of False: Nematodes molt, meaning they shed their exoskeleton to grow

A

True

135
Q

How do Nematodes (roundworms) eat?

A

Free-living or parasitic

136
Q

What type of cephalization do Nematodes have?

A

Primitive cephalization with nerves

137
Q

Which systems do Nematodes (roundworms) not have?

A
  • Circulatory
  • Respiratory
  • Excretory
138
Q

How do Nematodes do gas exchange?

A

Through epidermis

139
Q

How do Nematodes get rid of metabolic waste?

A

Released through epidermis

140
Q

What kind of reproduction do Nematodes do?

A

All of them (monecious, dioecious, parthenogenic)

141
Q

What animals make up the Arthropoda phylum?

A

Insects, spiders, lobsters, etc.

142
Q

What kind of species are in the Arthropoda phylum?

A

Terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial

143
Q

What is the body plan of Arthropods?

A

Bilaterial

144
Q

What kind of tissues do Arthropods have?

A

Triploblastic, eucoelmate

145
Q

Are Arthropods protostomes or deuterostomes?

A

Protostomes

146
Q

What kind of digestive system do Arthropods have?

A

Complete digestive system

147
Q

What kind of eaters are Arthropods?

A

Herbivores, carnivores, parasites, or scavengers

148
Q

What kind of appendages do Arthropods have and what does it allow them to do?

A
  • Jointed appendages
  • Walking, swimming, catching prey
149
Q

True or False: Arthropods are not segmented

A

False: Arthropods have body segmentation

150
Q

What are the parts of an Arthropod’s segmented body?

A
  • Head, Thorax, Abdomen
  • Cephalothorax & Abdomen
  • Head & Trunk
151
Q

What kind of exoskeleton do Arthropods have?

A

Chitinized exoskeleton, meaning they molt

152
Q

What is the central cavity called in an Arthropod?

A

Hemocoel

153
Q

How do hemocoel fluids move in an Arthropod?

A

Hemocoel fluids are moved by contraction of a dorsal blood vessel (“heart”)

154
Q

How do Arthropods remove nitrogenous waste?

A

Varies
* Green gland in crustaceans
* Malpighian tubules in insects

155
Q

How do Arthropods reproduce?

A
  • Most are dioecious and reproduce sexually via internal fertilization
  • Some are monecious
  • Others reproduce parthenogenetically
156
Q

What are the 5 subphyla of Arthropoda and what animals do they consist of?

A
  • Trilobita - extinct
  • Chelicerata - horseshoe crab, spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions
  • Myriapoda - millipedes, centipedes
  • Crustacea - shrimp, krill, crabs, woodlice
  • Hexapoda - insects
157
Q

What animals make up the Echinodermata phylum?

A

Sea stars, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, etc.
(exclusively a marine species)

158
Q

What is the body plan of Echinodermatas?

A

Larvae: Bilateral
Adult: Radial or Pentaradial

159
Q

What controls the change in body plan in Echinodermatas?

A

Hox genes

160
Q

What kind of tissues do Echinodermatas have?

A

Triploblastic, eucoelomate

161
Q

Are Echinodermatas protostomes or deuterostomes?

A

Deuterostomes

162
Q

What are the “bones” that make up the skeleton of Echinodermatas?

A

Ossicles (covered by epidermis)

163
Q

What is the first instance of an endoskeleton in the Kingdom of Animalia?

A

Ossicles in Echnidermatas

164
Q

What kind of vascular system do Echinodermatas have?

A

Water vascular system that has a central canal with radial canals in each arm

165
Q

What kind of nervous system do Echinodermatas have?

A

Simple; central nerve ring and radial ring in each arm

166
Q

True or False: Echinodermatas have a brain and sensory organs

A

False: Echinodermatas have no brain but have sensory organs

167
Q

What kind of respiratory system do Echinodermatas have?

A

Gas exchange through water vascular system

168
Q

What kind of circulatory system do Echinodermatas have?

A

Hemal system, meaning vessels parallel to the water vascular system, and it circulates nutrients and removes metabolic waste products

169
Q

Where is the mouth and anus located in Echinoderms?

A
  • Mouth - ventral side
  • Anus - dorsal side
170
Q

What kind of reproduction do Echinoderms do?

A
  • Dioecious, external fertilization that produces bilateral larvae
  • Can also reproduce asexually by fragmentation
171
Q

What are the 5 Echinodermata Classes and what are the animals of each?

A
  • Asteroidea - sea stars
  • Ophiuroidea - brittle stars
  • Echinoidea - sand dollars
  • Crinoidea - sea feathers and sea lillies
  • Holothuroidea - sea cucumber

Biology Unit 4 (5 decks)

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