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Biology Unit 4 > Chapter 27 - Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 27 - Animal Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the plesiomorphic characters that the first animal evolution shared with LUCA and prokaryotes?

A
  • Metabolism
  • Mitosis
  • Plasma membrane
  • Ribosomes
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2
Q

What are the synapomorphic characteristics that the first animal evolution shared with plants?

A
  • Meiosis
  • Sexual Reproduction
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3
Q

What are the synapomorphic characteristics that the first animal evolution shared with fungi?

A

Heterotrophy
* Consuming dead or living organisms
* Carnivores, Herbivores, Omnivores, Parasites, etc.

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4
Q

What makes an animal an animal?

A

Autapomorphic traits
* New, derived characters
* Not present in LUCA, prokaryotes, fungus, or plants

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5
Q

What are the autapomorphic traits that makes an animal an animal?

A
  • Diplontic life cycle
  • Motile
  • Specialized tissues
  • Embryotic developmental stages
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6
Q

Animals evolved to have complex tissue structure because of what?

A

To find/capture food and to process/digest it.

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7
Q

How are Animal Cells and Tissue different from Plant and Fungus tissues?

A
  • No cell wall
  • Gap junctions
  • Extracellular matrix
  • Connective tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
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8
Q

Types of Specialized Tissue in Animals

A
  • Connective Tissue - structural support
  • Epithelial Tissue - protects internal organs and external body structures
  • Muscle Tissue - Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
  • Nervous Tissue - Nerves
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9
Q

What are Specialized Systems associated with?

A
  • Obtaining food and avoiding becoming food
  • Finding a sexual partner
  • Responding to environmental stimuli
  • Motility
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10
Q

Name the different Specialized Systems in Animals

A
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Nervous System
  • Sensory System
  • Digestive System
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11
Q

What are the 5 Monophyletic clades in the Animal Kingdom?

A
  • Porifera
  • Placazoa
  • Cnidara
  • Ctenophora
  • Bilateria
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12
Q

What makes up the Porifera clade?

A

Sponges

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13
Q

What makes up the Placazoa clade?

A

Parasitic amoeba-like animals

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14
Q

What makes up the Cnidaria clade?

A

Jellyfish and other relatives

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15
Q

What makes up the Ctenophores clade?

A

Comb jellies

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16
Q

What makes up the Bilateria clade?

A

Everything else

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17
Q

What type of life cycle do Animals have?

A

Diplontic

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18
Q

True or False: All animals can reproduce sexually and asexually

A

False: All animals can reproduce sexually; only some can reproduce asexually

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19
Q

How does Sexual Reproduction work in Animals?

A

Haploid sperm and haploid eggs are created via meiosis then they fuse to create a single zygote that is diploid

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20
Q

Zygote undergoes cleavage via _________

A

Mitosis

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21
Q

How is a (hollow) Bastula created?

A

The zygote continues to cleavage and its cells rearrange

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22
Q

Continued cell division and rearrangement leads to what?

A

Gastrulation

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23
Q

Gastrulation leads to the formation of what two things?

A
  • Archenteron (digestive cavity)
  • Embryotic germ layers
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24
Q

What are the 3 germ layers called?

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm
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25
Q

True or False: Not all animals have a mesoderm during embryotic development

A

True

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26
Q

Germ layers are programmed to develop into what?

A

Specific tissues

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27
Q

What is Organgenesis?

A

When the germ layers create organ systems

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28
Q

What does it mean if an animal is Diploblastic?

A

They have 2 germ layers during embryotic development

29
Q

What are the germ layers of a Diploblastic animal?

A

Ectoderm & Endoderm

30
Q

What does it mean if an animal is Triploblastic?

A

They have 3 germ layers during embryotic development

31
Q

What are the germ layers of a Triploblastic animal?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm

32
Q

True or False: Not all animals share embryotic morphology and development

A

False: All animals share embryotic morphology and development

33
Q

What determines embryotic development?

A

Homeotic genes

34
Q

What are homeobox “hox” genes?

A

The DNA sequences that encode protein transcription factors on Homeotic genes (they are called “master control genes”)

35
Q

Hox genes in animals determine what?

A

Body plan

36
Q

Hox genes encode for…

A

Transcription factors that control the expression of other genes (they turn other genes on and off)

37
Q

True or False: Hox genes are homologous in all animals.

A

False: They are homologous in all animals except in Ctenophora and Porifera)

38
Q

How many sets of Hox Genes do Invertebrates have?

A

1 set

39
Q

How many sets of Hox Genes do Vertebrates have?

A

4 sets

40
Q

How many Hox Genes do Porifera and Ctenophora have?

A

They DO NOT have Hox Genes

41
Q

What are Porifera and Ctenophora considered as in regards to Hox Genes?

A

They are considered Basal Animal Lines because they don’t have Hox Genes

42
Q

How many Hox Genes do Placazoas have?

A

1 Hox Gene

43
Q

How many Hox Genes do Cnidaria and Bilateria have?

A

At least 1 set of Hox Genes and up to 4 sets

44
Q

In addition to the presence/absence of a backbone, what else can animals be classified as?

A

Body Plan and Embryotic Development

45
Q

What are the major Body Plans of an animal?

A
  • Bilaterial
  • Radial
  • Asymmetry
46
Q

What does Embryotic Development focus on?

A
  • Number of germ layers
  • Presence/Absence of internal body cavity
  • Origin of mouth and anus
47
Q

Which clades have an Asymmetry body plan?

A

Porifera & Placazoa

48
Q

Placazoa animals possess how many germ layers?

A

They don’t possess true tissues, but they do have 4 different cell types

49
Q

How many germ layers do Porifera animals have?

A

They don’t possess true tissues, but they do have 12 different tissue types

50
Q

How do Radially symmetric animals experience the environment differently compared to the other symmetries?

A

Radial symmetry allows them to experience the environment from all directions

51
Q

Radially symmetric animals are [diploblastic or triploblastic?]

A

Diploblastic

52
Q

Which clades are radially symmetric?

A

Cnidaria & Ctenophores

53
Q

Bilateral symmetric animals have two parts:

A
  • Head (Anterior)
  • Tail (Posterior)
54
Q

What is Cephalization?

A

Organized nervous system at the anterior end (brain, eyes, ears, etc.)

55
Q

Bilateral symmetry allows for what types of motion?

A

Streamlined & Directional

56
Q

Bilaterally symmetrical animals are [diploblastic or triploblastic?]

A

Triploblastic

57
Q

What is a coelom?

A

An internal body cavity that’s derived from mesoderm tissue

58
Q

What does the coelom provide?

A

Cushioning for internal organs and body flexibility

59
Q

Triploblasts that DON’T have a coelom are called…

A

Acoelomates

60
Q

Triploblasts that have a coelom that’s COMPLETELY SURROUNDED by mesoderm tissue are called…

A

Eucoelomates

61
Q

Triploblasts that have a coelom that is PARTIALLY LINED with mesoderm tissue AND endoderm are called…

A

Pseudocoelomates

62
Q

Bilaterally Symmetrical Eucoelomates can be further divided based on what?

A

The origin of their mouth

63
Q

What is the Archenteron?

A

The beginning of the gut

64
Q

What is the blastopore?

A

The opening of the Archenteron

65
Q

The Blastopore becomes the mouth in _________

A

Protostomes

66
Q

The Blastopore becomes the anus in _________

A

Deuterostomes

67
Q

Which animals are Protostomes?

A

Arthropods, Mollusks, and Annelids

68
Q

Which animals are Deuterostomes?

A

Chordates & Echinoderms

Biology Unit 4 (5 decks)

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