Chapter 27 - Animal Diversity Flashcards
What are the plesiomorphic characters that the first animal evolution shared with LUCA and prokaryotes?
- Metabolism
- Mitosis
- Plasma membrane
- Ribosomes
What are the synapomorphic characteristics that the first animal evolution shared with plants?
- Meiosis
- Sexual Reproduction
What are the synapomorphic characteristics that the first animal evolution shared with fungi?
Heterotrophy
* Consuming dead or living organisms
* Carnivores, Herbivores, Omnivores, Parasites, etc.
What makes an animal an animal?
Autapomorphic traits
* New, derived characters
* Not present in LUCA, prokaryotes, fungus, or plants
What are the autapomorphic traits that makes an animal an animal?
- Diplontic life cycle
- Motile
- Specialized tissues
- Embryotic developmental stages
Animals evolved to have complex tissue structure because of what?
To find/capture food and to process/digest it.
How are Animal Cells and Tissue different from Plant and Fungus tissues?
- No cell wall
- Gap junctions
- Extracellular matrix
- Connective tissue
- Epithelial tissue
Types of Specialized Tissue in Animals
- Connective Tissue - structural support
- Epithelial Tissue - protects internal organs and external body structures
- Muscle Tissue - Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
- Nervous Tissue - Nerves
What are Specialized Systems associated with?
- Obtaining food and avoiding becoming food
- Finding a sexual partner
- Responding to environmental stimuli
- Motility
Name the different Specialized Systems in Animals
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
- Nervous System
- Sensory System
- Digestive System
What are the 5 Monophyletic clades in the Animal Kingdom?
- Porifera
- Placazoa
- Cnidara
- Ctenophora
- Bilateria
What makes up the Porifera clade?
Sponges
What makes up the Placazoa clade?
Parasitic amoeba-like animals
What makes up the Cnidaria clade?
Jellyfish and other relatives
What makes up the Ctenophores clade?
Comb jellies
What makes up the Bilateria clade?
Everything else
What type of life cycle do Animals have?
Diplontic
True or False: All animals can reproduce sexually and asexually
False: All animals can reproduce sexually; only some can reproduce asexually
How does Sexual Reproduction work in Animals?
Haploid sperm and haploid eggs are created via meiosis then they fuse to create a single zygote that is diploid
Zygote undergoes cleavage via _________
Mitosis
How is a (hollow) Bastula created?
The zygote continues to cleavage and its cells rearrange
Continued cell division and rearrangement leads to what?
Gastrulation
Gastrulation leads to the formation of what two things?
- Archenteron (digestive cavity)
- Embryotic germ layers
What are the 3 germ layers called?
- Ectoderm
- Mesoderm
- Endoderm
True or False: Not all animals have a mesoderm during embryotic development
True
Germ layers are programmed to develop into what?
Specific tissues
What is Organgenesis?
When the germ layers create organ systems
What does it mean if an animal is Diploblastic?
They have 2 germ layers during embryotic development
What are the germ layers of a Diploblastic animal?
Ectoderm & Endoderm
What does it mean if an animal is Triploblastic?
They have 3 germ layers during embryotic development
What are the germ layers of a Triploblastic animal?
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm
True or False: Not all animals share embryotic morphology and development
False: All animals share embryotic morphology and development
What determines embryotic development?
Homeotic genes
What are homeobox “hox” genes?
The DNA sequences that encode protein transcription factors on Homeotic genes (they are called “master control genes”)
Hox genes in animals determine what?
Body plan
Hox genes encode for…
Transcription factors that control the expression of other genes (they turn other genes on and off)
True or False: Hox genes are homologous in all animals.
False: They are homologous in all animals except in Ctenophora and Porifera)
How many sets of Hox Genes do Invertebrates have?
1 set
How many sets of Hox Genes do Vertebrates have?
4 sets
How many Hox Genes do Porifera and Ctenophora have?
They DO NOT have Hox Genes
What are Porifera and Ctenophora considered as in regards to Hox Genes?
They are considered Basal Animal Lines because they don’t have Hox Genes
How many Hox Genes do Placazoas have?
1 Hox Gene
How many Hox Genes do Cnidaria and Bilateria have?
At least 1 set of Hox Genes and up to 4 sets
In addition to the presence/absence of a backbone, what else can animals be classified as?
Body Plan and Embryotic Development
What are the major Body Plans of an animal?
- Bilaterial
- Radial
- Asymmetry
What does Embryotic Development focus on?
- Number of germ layers
- Presence/Absence of internal body cavity
- Origin of mouth and anus
Which clades have an Asymmetry body plan?
Porifera & Placazoa
Placazoa animals possess how many germ layers?
They don’t possess true tissues, but they do have 4 different cell types
How many germ layers do Porifera animals have?
They don’t possess true tissues, but they do have 12 different tissue types
How do Radially symmetric animals experience the environment differently compared to the other symmetries?
Radial symmetry allows them to experience the environment from all directions
Radially symmetric animals are [diploblastic or triploblastic?]
Diploblastic
Which clades are radially symmetric?
Cnidaria & Ctenophores
Bilateral symmetric animals have two parts:
- Head (Anterior)
- Tail (Posterior)
What is Cephalization?
Organized nervous system at the anterior end (brain, eyes, ears, etc.)
Bilateral symmetry allows for what types of motion?
Streamlined & Directional
Bilaterally symmetrical animals are [diploblastic or triploblastic?]
Triploblastic
What is a coelom?
An internal body cavity that’s derived from mesoderm tissue
What does the coelom provide?
Cushioning for internal organs and body flexibility
Triploblasts that DON’T have a coelom are called…
Acoelomates
Triploblasts that have a coelom that’s COMPLETELY SURROUNDED by mesoderm tissue are called…
Eucoelomates
Triploblasts that have a coelom that is PARTIALLY LINED with mesoderm tissue AND endoderm are called…
Pseudocoelomates
Bilaterally Symmetrical Eucoelomates can be further divided based on what?
The origin of their mouth
What is the Archenteron?
The beginning of the gut
What is the blastopore?
The opening of the Archenteron
The Blastopore becomes the mouth in _________
Protostomes
The Blastopore becomes the anus in _________
Deuterostomes
Which animals are Protostomes?
Arthropods, Mollusks, and Annelids
Which animals are Deuterostomes?
Chordates & Echinoderms
