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COM MOD 2.2 Viruses > Chapter 3.29 The Rest of the RNA Viruses > Flashcards

Chapter 3.29 The Rest of the RNA Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are arboviruses?

A

arthropod borne viruses- togaviridae, flaviviridae, bunyaviridae

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2
Q

What virus causes West Nile Virus?

A

flavavirus spread by mosquitos

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3
Q

What are picornviridae?

A

enteroviruses- poliovirus, coxsachie A and B, echovirus

*ENTERO = GI, fecal-oral transmission

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4
Q

What virus causes the common cold?

A

rhinovirus and coronaviridae

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5
Q

What virus causes SARS virus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)?

A

coronaviridae

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6
Q

What viruses cause diarrhea?

A

rotavirus and caliciviridae

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7
Q

What disease does rhabdoviridae cause?

A

rabies

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8
Q

What viruses cause hemorrhagic fever and are bioweapons?

A

Filoviridae group- Ebola, Marburg viruses

Arenaviridae group- Lassa Fever Virus

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9
Q

How are arboviruses transmitted?

A

blood-sucking arthropods that cause fever and encephalitis

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10
Q

What is the mneumonic for arboviruses?

A

paul BUNyan wearing a TOGA has a rick FLAVor that attracts mosquitos and other arthropods.

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11
Q

What are the 2 members of the togaviridae family?

A

alpha viruses- mosquito borne

rubivirus- causes rubella

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12
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with alpha virus?

A

encephalitis, headache, altered consciousness, and focal neurologic damage

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13
Q

What do alpha viruses infect?

A

horses birds and humans using mosquitos as a vector

*causes encephalitis

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14
Q

What is the WEE virus?

A

Western Equine Encephalitis

*type of alpha virus

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15
Q

What is the EEE virus?

A

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

*type of alpha virus

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16
Q

What is the VEE virus?

A

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

*type of alpha virus

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17
Q

What mosquito-borne alpha virus does not cause encephalitis?

A

Chikungunya virus

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18
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient infected with Chikungunya virus?

A

fever, rash, *join pain/swelling

*the joint pain can last for a long time even though the rash and fever resolve after a few days

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of Rubivirus?

A

a type of togavirus but not a arbovirus because humans are the only infected creature

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20
Q

What virus causes rubella?

A

rubivirus

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21
Q

What is the clinical importance of rubivirus?

A

it can cross the placenta and cause congenital defects

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22
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with rubella?

A

flu-like symptoms followed by red maculopapular rash that spreads from the forehead to face to torso to extremities

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23
Q

How is rabies transmitted?

A

respiratory secretions

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24
Q

How long does a rubella rash last?

A

3 days- “3 day measles”

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25
How can rubella affect a fetus?
TORCHES- R is congenital rubella | causes congenital defects affecting the heart, eye, and CNS
26
What are the heart defects from rubella in a fetus?
patent ductus, interventricular septal defect, pulmonary artery stenosis
27
What are the eye defects from rubella in a fetus?
cataracts, chorioretinitis
28
What are the CNS defects from rubella in a fetus?
mental retardation, microcephaly, deafness
29
What are the vaccination tactics for rubella?
live attenuated rubella vaccine is given to all young children but not pregnant women *if pregnant women do not have antibodies for rubella, they will receive immunization after delivery
30
What is St. Louis encephalitis?
encephalitis caused by flavivirdae
31
How is flavivirdae transmitted?
by mosquito | *infects humans and birds
32
What febrile diseases are caused by flaviviridae?
yellow fever and Dengue fever
33
What is the clinical presentation of a patient with yellow fever?
hepatitis with jaundice | fever, backache, nausea, vomiting
34
What is the clinical presentation of a patient with Dengue fever?
severe painful backache, muscle and join pain, and severe headache *also called break-bone fever
35
How is West Nile Virus transmitted?
mosquito or bird | *mostly mosquito bites
36
What is the clinical presentation of patient with West Nile Virus?
*most patients are asymptomatic symptomatic patients have wide range of symptoms- headache, rash, fatigue, weakness, decreased consciousness, motor paralysis... etc
37
How is West Nile Virus Diagnosed?
1. Isolation in culture 2. Serum IgM vs WNV with IgG antibodies 3. CSF fluid IgM against WNV 4. Serum antibody titers
38
What disease are caused by Bunyaviridae?
California encephalitis and Rift Valley fever
39
What is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
influenza-like illness followed by sudden respiratory failure caused by hantavirus
40
What are the vectors for hantavirus that cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome?
Rodents- ex. deer mouse
41
What is the clinical presentation of a patient with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome?
high fever, muscle aches, cough, nausea, vomiting heart rate and respiratory rate are rapid high WBC, low neutrophils
42
How is diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome confirmed?
serologic identification of IgM and IgG antibodies against Sin Nombre Virus
43
How are the alveoli of the lung affected in hantavirus pulmonary syndrome?
fill with fluid and are unable to deliver oxygen to bloodstream
44
Who is most at risk for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome?
young adults with influenza-like symptoms who develop pulmonary edema
45
What are the 4 genera of picornaviridae?
enterovirus, rhinovirus, hepatovirus, and parechovirus
46
What are the 5 subgroups of Enterovirus?
poliovirus, coxsackie A virus, coxsackie B virus, echovirus, and rhinovirus
47
Why are enteroviruses grouped together?
infect intestinal epithelial and lymphoid cells
48
How are enteroviruses transmitted?
fecal-oral route
49
What cells can poliovirus infect?
Peyer's patches of the intestine and motor neurons
50
What disease is associated with poliovirus?
paralytic poliomyelitis | *chances of developing poliomyelitis increases as one gets older
51
What are the 3 disease manifestations of polio?
1. Mild illness- asymptomatic or mild febrile viral illness where sanitation is poor 2. Asepetic meningitis- fever and meningismus if poliovirus infects meninges 3. Paralytic poliomyelitis
52
What is the mechanism of paralytic poliomyelitis?
destruction of presynaptic motor neurons in anterior horn of spinal cord and postsynaptic neurons
53
What is the clinical manifestation of paralytic poliomyelitis?
peripheral motor neuron deficits and central motor neuron deficits *flaccid paralysis ranging from 1 leg or arm to quadriplegia
54
What are the 2 vaccines for polio?
Inactivated polio vaccine- provoke IgG antibody response | Oral polio vaccine- attenuated poliovirus but can potentially cause vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis
55
What can both coxsackie viruses, echoviruses, and new enteroviruses cause?
1. Asymptomatic or mild febrile infections 2. Respiratory symptoms "cold" 3. Rashes 4. Aseptic meningitis
56
What are the most common viruses that cause non-bacterial meningitis in the US?
enteroviruses
57
How can Coxsackie A be differentiated form Coxsackie B
*how they effect mice Cox A- causes paralysis and death of mouse with extensive skeletal muscle necorsis Cox B- less severe infection in mice but damage to heart, brain, liver, pancreas
58
What diseases can be caused by Coxsackie A?
Herpangina- self-limiting illness characterized by fever, sore throat, small red-based vesicles on back of throat Hand, food, and mouth syndrome- child illness characterized by oral vesicles, fever, and small tender lesions on hands, feet, and buttocks
59
What diseases can be caused by Coxsackie B?
Pleurodynia- fever, headache, severe lower thoracic pain on breathing (pleuritic pain) Myocarditis/Pericarditis- inflammation of heart muscle and pericardial membrane
60
How is Rhinovirus transmitted?
hand-to-hand spread of mucous membrane secretions
61
What virus causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)?
coronavirus
62
What is the mode of transmission for coronavirus?
direct or indirect contact of mucous membrane (eyes, nose or mouth) with infectious respiratory droplets
63
What is the clinical presentation of a patient with SARS?
initial- fever, myalgias, chills | later- dry cough, chest pain, shortness of breath
64
What is on the chest X-ray of a patient with SARS?
alveolar consolidation
65
Who is most susceptible to viruses that cause diarrhea?
infants and young children through fecal-oral route
66
What are the 4 groups of viruses that cause diarrhea?
caliciviruses (+ Norwalk virus), rotaviruses, adenoviruses, and astroviruses
67
Who does caliciviridae primarily infect?
young children and infants causes diarrhea, vomiting and fever *indistinguishable from gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus
68
Who does Norwalk virus occur in?
adults that develop diarrhea and severe vomiting
69
What are the characteristics of Norovirus?
cause of acute infectious diarrheal outbreaks | ex. on cruise shops or after hurricane katrina
70
What family is rotavirus in?
reovirus
71
What does rotavirus cause?
acute infectious diarrhea and major cause of infant mortality
72
What are the characteristics of astroviruses?
periodic outbreaks of diarrhea in infants, children, and elderly
73
Who is susceptible to rabies virus?
all warm-blooded animals with dogs, cats, skunks, coyotes, foxes, raccoons and bats serving as reservoirs
74
What is the clinical presentation of rabies?
encephalitis | fearless, aggressive, and disoriented behavior
75
What occurs when a human is infected with rabies?
migrates to axons of CNS and causes fatal encephalitis
76
What is specifically present in brain cells when infected with rabies?
Negri bodies- collection of virions
77
What occurs during the prodrome stage of rabies?
nonspecific symptoms- fever, headache, sensitive nerves around wound site *muscles around site may fasciculate
78
What occurs during the acute encephalitis phase of rabies?
hyperactivity and agitation lead to confusion, meningismus, and seizures
79
What occurs in during classic brainstem encephalitis in rabies?
brainstem infection causing cranial nerve dysfunction and painful contraction of pharyngeal muscles *foaming of the mouth
80
How does death occur from rabies?
secondary to respiratory center dysfunction
81
What viruses cause hemorrhagic fever?
Filoviridae- ebola and marburg viruses | Arenaviridae
82
What are the initial symptoms of Ebola?
abrupt onset of fever, chills and malaise
83
What occurs in the first few days of Ebola?
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain
84
When does a rash form in Ebola?
5-7 days
85
What occurs in the GI tract from Ebola?
hemorrhage
86
How is Ebola diagnosed?
detection of viral antigens or RNA in blood
87
What is the thought transmission of Ebola?
direct contact with bodily fluids- mostly blood, vomit, urine, stool or semen from living or dead patient *could potentially be airborne
88
What viruses are included in Arenaviridae?
Lassa Fever virus and 4 Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses
89
What are the 4 hemorrhagic fever viruses?
Junin virus, Machupo virus, Guanarito virus, and Sabia virus
90
What is the main mode of transmission for Lassa Fever and the 4 Hemorrhagic fever viruses?
direct contact and droplet spread
91
What do Rift Valley Fever and Yellow fever cause?
hemorrhagic fever- suspected to have been weaponized | *may be transmitted through aerosolization

COM MOD 2.2 Viruses (7 decks)

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