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COM MOD 2.2 Viruses > Chapter 3.29 The Rest of the RNA Viruses > Flashcards

Chapter 3.29 The Rest of the RNA Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are arboviruses?

A

arthropod borne viruses- togaviridae, flaviviridae, bunyaviridae

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2
Q

What virus causes West Nile Virus?

A

flavavirus spread by mosquitos

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3
Q

What are picornviridae?

A

enteroviruses- poliovirus, coxsachie A and B, echovirus

*ENTERO = GI, fecal-oral transmission

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4
Q

What virus causes the common cold?

A

rhinovirus and coronaviridae

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5
Q

What virus causes SARS virus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)?

A

coronaviridae

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6
Q

What viruses cause diarrhea?

A

rotavirus and caliciviridae

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7
Q

What disease does rhabdoviridae cause?

A

rabies

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8
Q

What viruses cause hemorrhagic fever and are bioweapons?

A

Filoviridae group- Ebola, Marburg viruses

Arenaviridae group- Lassa Fever Virus

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9
Q

How are arboviruses transmitted?

A

blood-sucking arthropods that cause fever and encephalitis

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10
Q

What is the mneumonic for arboviruses?

A

paul BUNyan wearing a TOGA has a rick FLAVor that attracts mosquitos and other arthropods.

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11
Q

What are the 2 members of the togaviridae family?

A

alpha viruses- mosquito borne

rubivirus- causes rubella

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12
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with alpha virus?

A

encephalitis, headache, altered consciousness, and focal neurologic damage

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13
Q

What do alpha viruses infect?

A

horses birds and humans using mosquitos as a vector

*causes encephalitis

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14
Q

What is the WEE virus?

A

Western Equine Encephalitis

*type of alpha virus

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15
Q

What is the EEE virus?

A

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

*type of alpha virus

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16
Q

What is the VEE virus?

A

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

*type of alpha virus

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17
Q

What mosquito-borne alpha virus does not cause encephalitis?

A

Chikungunya virus

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18
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient infected with Chikungunya virus?

A

fever, rash, *join pain/swelling

*the joint pain can last for a long time even though the rash and fever resolve after a few days

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of Rubivirus?

A

a type of togavirus but not a arbovirus because humans are the only infected creature

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20
Q

What virus causes rubella?

A

rubivirus

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21
Q

What is the clinical importance of rubivirus?

A

it can cross the placenta and cause congenital defects

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22
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with rubella?

A

flu-like symptoms followed by red maculopapular rash that spreads from the forehead to face to torso to extremities

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23
Q

How is rabies transmitted?

A

respiratory secretions

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24
Q

How long does a rubella rash last?

A

3 days- “3 day measles”

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25
Q

How can rubella affect a fetus?

A

TORCHES- R is congenital rubella

causes congenital defects affecting the heart, eye, and CNS

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26
Q

What are the heart defects from rubella in a fetus?

A

patent ductus, interventricular septal defect, pulmonary artery stenosis

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27
Q

What are the eye defects from rubella in a fetus?

A

cataracts, chorioretinitis

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28
Q

What are the CNS defects from rubella in a fetus?

A

mental retardation, microcephaly, deafness

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29
Q

What are the vaccination tactics for rubella?

A

live attenuated rubella vaccine is given to all young children but not pregnant women
*if pregnant women do not have antibodies for rubella, they will receive immunization after delivery

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30
Q

What is St. Louis encephalitis?

A

encephalitis caused by flavivirdae

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31
Q

How is flavivirdae transmitted?

A

by mosquito

*infects humans and birds

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32
Q

What febrile diseases are caused by flaviviridae?

A

yellow fever and Dengue fever

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33
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with yellow fever?

A

hepatitis with jaundice

fever, backache, nausea, vomiting

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34
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with Dengue fever?

A

severe painful backache, muscle and join pain, and severe headache
*also called break-bone fever

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35
Q

How is West Nile Virus transmitted?

A

mosquito or bird

*mostly mosquito bites

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36
Q

What is the clinical presentation of patient with West Nile Virus?

A

*most patients are asymptomatic
symptomatic patients have wide range of symptoms- headache, rash, fatigue, weakness, decreased consciousness, motor paralysis… etc

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37
Q

How is West Nile Virus Diagnosed?

A
  1. Isolation in culture
  2. Serum IgM vs WNV with IgG antibodies
  3. CSF fluid IgM against WNV
  4. Serum antibody titers
38
Q

What disease are caused by Bunyaviridae?

A

California encephalitis and Rift Valley fever

39
Q

What is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A

influenza-like illness followed by sudden respiratory failure caused by hantavirus

40
Q

What are the vectors for hantavirus that cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome?

A

Rodents- ex. deer mouse

41
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome?

A

high fever, muscle aches, cough, nausea, vomiting
heart rate and respiratory rate are rapid
high WBC, low neutrophils

42
Q

How is diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome confirmed?

A

serologic identification of IgM and IgG antibodies against Sin Nombre Virus

43
Q

How are the alveoli of the lung affected in hantavirus pulmonary syndrome?

A

fill with fluid and are unable to deliver oxygen to bloodstream

44
Q

Who is most at risk for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome?

A

young adults with influenza-like symptoms who develop pulmonary edema

45
Q

What are the 4 genera of picornaviridae?

A

enterovirus, rhinovirus, hepatovirus, and parechovirus

46
Q

What are the 5 subgroups of Enterovirus?

A

poliovirus, coxsackie A virus, coxsackie B virus, echovirus, and rhinovirus

47
Q

Why are enteroviruses grouped together?

A

infect intestinal epithelial and lymphoid cells

48
Q

How are enteroviruses transmitted?

A

fecal-oral route

49
Q

What cells can poliovirus infect?

A

Peyer’s patches of the intestine and motor neurons

50
Q

What disease is associated with poliovirus?

A

paralytic poliomyelitis

*chances of developing poliomyelitis increases as one gets older

51
Q

What are the 3 disease manifestations of polio?

A
  1. Mild illness- asymptomatic or mild febrile viral illness where sanitation is poor
  2. Asepetic meningitis- fever and meningismus if poliovirus infects meninges
  3. Paralytic poliomyelitis
52
Q

What is the mechanism of paralytic poliomyelitis?

A

destruction of presynaptic motor neurons in anterior horn of spinal cord and postsynaptic neurons

53
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of paralytic poliomyelitis?

A

peripheral motor neuron deficits and central motor neuron deficits
*flaccid paralysis ranging from 1 leg or arm to quadriplegia

54
Q

What are the 2 vaccines for polio?

A

Inactivated polio vaccine- provoke IgG antibody response

Oral polio vaccine- attenuated poliovirus but can potentially cause vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis

55
Q

What can both coxsackie viruses, echoviruses, and new enteroviruses cause?

A
  1. Asymptomatic or mild febrile infections
  2. Respiratory symptoms “cold”
  3. Rashes
  4. Aseptic meningitis
56
Q

What are the most common viruses that cause non-bacterial meningitis in the US?

A

enteroviruses

57
Q

How can Coxsackie A be differentiated form Coxsackie B

A

*how they effect mice
Cox A- causes paralysis and death of mouse with extensive skeletal muscle necorsis
Cox B- less severe infection in mice but damage to heart, brain, liver, pancreas

58
Q

What diseases can be caused by Coxsackie A?

A

Herpangina- self-limiting illness characterized by fever, sore throat, small red-based vesicles on back of throat
Hand, food, and mouth syndrome- child illness characterized by oral vesicles, fever, and small tender lesions on hands, feet, and buttocks

59
Q

What diseases can be caused by Coxsackie B?

A

Pleurodynia- fever, headache, severe lower thoracic pain on breathing (pleuritic pain)
Myocarditis/Pericarditis- inflammation of heart muscle and pericardial membrane

60
Q

How is Rhinovirus transmitted?

A

hand-to-hand spread of mucous membrane secretions

61
Q

What virus causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)?

A

coronavirus

62
Q

What is the mode of transmission for coronavirus?

A

direct or indirect contact of mucous membrane (eyes, nose or mouth) with infectious respiratory droplets

63
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with SARS?

A

initial- fever, myalgias, chills

later- dry cough, chest pain, shortness of breath

64
Q

What is on the chest X-ray of a patient with SARS?

A

alveolar consolidation

65
Q

Who is most susceptible to viruses that cause diarrhea?

A

infants and young children through fecal-oral route

66
Q

What are the 4 groups of viruses that cause diarrhea?

A

caliciviruses (+ Norwalk virus), rotaviruses, adenoviruses, and astroviruses

67
Q

Who does caliciviridae primarily infect?

A

young children and infants
causes diarrhea, vomiting and fever
*indistinguishable from gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus

68
Q

Who does Norwalk virus occur in?

A

adults that develop diarrhea and severe vomiting

69
Q

What are the characteristics of Norovirus?

A

cause of acute infectious diarrheal outbreaks

ex. on cruise shops or after hurricane katrina

70
Q

What family is rotavirus in?

A

reovirus

71
Q

What does rotavirus cause?

A

acute infectious diarrhea and major cause of infant mortality

72
Q

What are the characteristics of astroviruses?

A

periodic outbreaks of diarrhea in infants, children, and elderly

73
Q

Who is susceptible to rabies virus?

A

all warm-blooded animals with dogs, cats, skunks, coyotes, foxes, raccoons and bats serving as reservoirs

74
Q

What is the clinical presentation of rabies?

A

encephalitis

fearless, aggressive, and disoriented behavior

75
Q

What occurs when a human is infected with rabies?

A

migrates to axons of CNS and causes fatal encephalitis

76
Q

What is specifically present in brain cells when infected with rabies?

A

Negri bodies- collection of virions

77
Q

What occurs during the prodrome stage of rabies?

A

nonspecific symptoms- fever, headache, sensitive nerves around wound site
*muscles around site may fasciculate

78
Q

What occurs during the acute encephalitis phase of rabies?

A

hyperactivity and agitation lead to confusion, meningismus, and seizures

79
Q

What occurs in during classic brainstem encephalitis in rabies?

A

brainstem infection causing cranial nerve dysfunction and painful contraction of pharyngeal muscles
*foaming of the mouth

80
Q

How does death occur from rabies?

A

secondary to respiratory center dysfunction

81
Q

What viruses cause hemorrhagic fever?

A

Filoviridae- ebola and marburg viruses

Arenaviridae

82
Q

What are the initial symptoms of Ebola?

A

abrupt onset of fever, chills and malaise

83
Q

What occurs in the first few days of Ebola?

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain

84
Q

When does a rash form in Ebola?

A

5-7 days

85
Q

What occurs in the GI tract from Ebola?

A

hemorrhage

86
Q

How is Ebola diagnosed?

A

detection of viral antigens or RNA in blood

87
Q

What is the thought transmission of Ebola?

A

direct contact with bodily fluids- mostly blood, vomit, urine, stool or semen from living or dead patient
*could potentially be airborne

88
Q

What viruses are included in Arenaviridae?

A

Lassa Fever virus and 4 Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses

89
Q

What are the 4 hemorrhagic fever viruses?

A

Junin virus, Machupo virus, Guanarito virus, and Sabia virus

90
Q

What is the main mode of transmission for Lassa Fever and the 4 Hemorrhagic fever viruses?

A

direct contact and droplet spread

91
Q

What do Rift Valley Fever and Yellow fever cause?

A

hemorrhagic fever- suspected to have been weaponized

*may be transmitted through aerosolization

COM MOD 2.2 Viruses (7 decks)

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